scholarly journals How is Off-farm Income Linked to On-farm Diversification? Evidence from Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
On Farm

scholarly journals Farm Household Income and On- and Off-Farm Diversification

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. McNamara ◽  
Christoph Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Labor Allocation ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Upper Austria ◽  
On Farm

The paper analyzes the relationship between off-farm labor allocation and on-farm enterprise diversification as farm household income stabilization strategies with census data from the federal state of Upper Austria, Austria. The results suggest that both on-farm diversification and off-farm labor allocation are related to farm and household characteristics. Larger farms tend to be more diversified. Younger farmers are more likely to work off-farm. Larger farm households tend to allocate more labor to off-farm income activities.

Measurement of on-farm diversification in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diep Thanh Tung
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Markov Chain Model ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
On Farm

This study aims to assess levels of on-farm diversification in Vietnam. The results reflect regional differences in terms of on-farm diversification and its determinants. Households in northern regions have adapted to the fragmented and small-sized parcels of land by diversifying their on-farm activities. In contrast, the Mekong Delta region in the south of Vietnam is characterized by larger agricultural parcels and a specialization in rice production. Land use fragmentation, as reflected by a large number of plots in a given area, is one of the most important reasons for the high levels of on-farm diversification, while the higher share of non-farm income in total income is the reason of lower levels of on-farm diversification. Households have reacted to natural and economic shocks by diversifying their on-farm activities. The non-stationary Markov chain model used here shows various diversification scenarios and trends. In most cases, the on-farm diversification is expected to reduce in coming years.

Does agro-processing adoption affect farm income and farm diversification? Empirical evidence from Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Lin ◽  
Hung-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the factors associated with the adoption of agro-processing methods and to estimate their impact on farm income and farm diversification.Design/methodology/approachUsing a large-scale sample of 12,122 special crop farm households drawn from the 2015 Agricultural Census Survey in Taiwan, the semiparametric multivalued treatment effect model was estimated.FindingsThe authors found that agro-processing farm households obtain higher farm incomes than non-agro-processing farm households. Among the agro-processing methods, self-processing generates higher farm income than outsourced-processing. Moreover, farm households that adopt either agro-processing method are more likely to diversify into agritourism and other agribusinesses than non-agro-processing farms.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors could only access data on farm income and not on agro-processing costs. Future studies may address the impact of agro-processing on farm profitability if relevant data are available.Originality/valueVery few studies have examined the relationship between agro-processing, farm income and farm diversification. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first papers to examine the impact of different agro-processing practices on farm income and farm diversification.

scholarly journals On- and Off-Farm Diversification and Travel Time to Markets: Linkages to Food Security in Rural Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Bergau ◽  
Tim K. Loos ◽  
Orkhan Sariyev
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Food And Nutrition Security ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Production Diversity ◽  
On Farm

AbstractFood insecurity persists in large parts of Ethiopia. Recent literature suggests that both on-farm and off-farm diversification, as well as access to agricultural markets, may help improve household dietary diversity scores (HDDS) as an indicator for food and nutrition security. While the HDDS is frequently used, a diversity score for the production side has rarely been applied at a comparable level of (dis-)aggregation. Employing socio-economic data collected covering 400 Ethiopian smallholder farmers, this study investigates how the travel time to markets, non-farm income, and on-farm production diversity associate with household food and nutrition security. Findings suggest that production diversity and higher non-farm income are linked to more diverse diets. With longer travel time to markets, food consumption is less varied. Production diversity and increased market participation do not appear to be mutually exclusive, and thus, should be considered equally when developing policy interventions.

Enhancing on-farm diversity: drivers and constraints. A review.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Tacconi ◽  
Katharina Waha ◽  
Jonathan Ojeda ◽  
Peat Leith
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
The Times ◽  
On Farm

<p>Enhancing and maintaining on-farm diversity represent a potential strategy to improve farming systems sustainability, by reducing the pressure on the natural environment, alleviating farmers' risks and vulnerabilities, and increasing farms resilience. However, farms are complex systems and on-farm diversification, intended as the production of multiple crop, trees and/or livestock species, is not a panacea and it is driven or constrained by different factors and dynamics that vary across environmental, socio-economic and political contexts.</p><p>We argue that identifying indicators that reflect these drivers, constraints and contexts at farm scale is crucial to create favourable conditions for the farmers to increase on-farm diversity where doing so is likely to be beneficial. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify and clarify some of the patterns behind the process that lead farmers to adopt farm diversification strategies in order to understand where investments and interventions to support diversification are likely to be appropriate and effective, and how they should be targeted.</p><p>In this review, we analysed 97 articles, selected from the screening of 2,312 articles retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus, and published in English in peer-reviewed journals since 2010. Our selection criteria required that the articles focused on the analysis of drivers and constraints of agricultural diversification, intended as crops and/or livestock systems, agrobiodiversity and agroforestry systems, at farm and household scale.</p><p>From the selected studies, we identified and extracted a total of 239 different variables that were statistically assessed as potential drivers and constraints of farm diversity at farm scale. For each of the variables we counted the times they resulted as positive, negative and statistically significant, or not statistically significant. To present and discuss the results, we followed the Sustainable Rural Livelihood Framework, classifying the extracted variables as external (agroecological context, the political and institutional context, and exposure to environmental and market risks and shocks) and internal factors (human, economic/financial, socio-cultural and physical capitals), or other livelihood options (i.e. off-farm income).</p><p>Our findings show that the decision to maintain or increase on-farm diversification is a common strategy to cope with environmental and market risks, but that it is often alternative and negatively correlated to the adoption of off-farm livelihood. Overall, the drivers and constraints of diversification were highly context-dependent and contingent. For some relevant variables, such as farm size, household head's age, rainfall level and education, we also found some evidence of the presence of non-linear (e.g. inverted-U) relationships.</p><p>These results enforce the hypothesis of the complexity of land uses decision and the importance of understanding farms’ and farmers’ characteristics, and their local and wider context when it comes to design policies and research projects for sustainable rural development.</p>

Investigating farmer’s identity and efficiency of tourism-oriented farm diversification

2021 ◽  
pp. 135481662098018
Author(s):  
Yasuo Ohe
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan Area ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Sbm Model ◽  
Educational Tourism ◽  
New Business ◽  
Tourism Activity ◽  
On Farm

Whether farm management in conducting tourism activity becomes more efficient or not is an important theoretical and empirical question for the promotion of tourism in agriculture. Thus, this study theoretically and empirically evaluated the efficiency of educational dairy farms that provide educational tourism by data envelopment analysis. The financial data were collected by the author’s survey of these farms located around the Tokyo Metropolitan area. Based on the theoretical framework that stipulates that the efficiency of farm activity is determined by a farmer’s identity, a bilateral slacks-based measure (SBM) model and Super SBM model were applied to empirically evaluate efficiency. The results revealed that those farmers who engage in processing milk products and direct selling have higher efficiency than those who do not. This is because having an enlarged identity that provides a wider perspective on farm activity enables these farmers to create demand and reduce marginal cost. This wider perspective was nurtured through the network of educational tourism activity. Thus, educational tourism activity by dairy farmers can nurture a new business opportunity and lead to efficient farm resource allocation. Identity can be a crucial factor in building rural entrepreneurship in tourism.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL REGIONALIZATION BASED ON FARM-INCOME CHANGES

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-384
Author(s):  
Masaki ANDO
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
On Farm

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA MASYARAKAT SEKITAR TAMAN NASIONAL BUKIT BARISAN SELATAN KABUPATEN PESISIR BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
M. Reza Fachrezy ◽  
Zainal Abidin ◽  
Adia Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
National Park ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Average Household Income ◽  
Average Education ◽  
On Farm

This study aims to determine the socio-economic characteristics of farmers, analyze the income structure, the factors that affect the income of farmers, and the level of household welfare of farmers who live around Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Pesisir Barat District. This research is a survey research involving 99 respondents who were randomly selected. Respondents were spread across four subdistricts, namely Bengkunat Belimbing, Ngambur, Pesisir Selatan, and Karya Penggawa Districts. The study was conducted from July to August 2018. The first objective was analyzed qualitatively, the second objective was analyzed using household income analysis, the third objective used multiple linear regression analysis, and the fourth objective was using Sajogyo's criteria (1997). The study suggested that the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers around TNBBS were spread from 15 to 64 years of age with an average age of 43.74 years. The average education level was elementary school, the number of majority of family sizes was from 4 to 6 people (67.68%), and the average land was 1.41 ha. The average household income of farmers is IDR 36,946,883.94 per year, which consists of on-farm income 63.68%, off-farm income 11.00%, and non-farm income 25.33%.. Factors that affect farmers' income are fertilizer costs and labor costs. The welfare of farmers around TNBBS is in quite prosperous category.Key words: characteristics, household income, welfare

scholarly journals Efektivitas Penyuluhan Pertanian Terhadap Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
Afrinawati Afrinawati ◽  
Mustafa Usman ◽  
Akhmad Baihaqi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
On Farm

ABSTRAK  - Tujuan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Objek penelitian ini adalah petani padi sawah yang tergabung dalam kelompok tani di Wilayah Kerja Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian (WK-BPP) Indrapuri. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini terbatas pada efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian terhadap pendapatan usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Besarnya sampel penelitian 52 dengan metode analisis deskriptif dan efektivitas penyuluhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas penyuluhan pertanian pada usahatani padi sawah di Kecamatan Indrapuri Kabupaten Aceh Besar sebesar 94,8% dari sebelum adanya kegiatan penyuluhan sebesar 72,9%. Dimana artinya ada juga peningkatan pendapatan di tingkat petani dari sebelumnya hanya Rp.20.194.705 per Ha per MT telah mampu meningkat menjadi Rp.30.046.062 per Ha per MT.Kata Kunci :   Efektivitas, Penyuluhan,  Pendapata, Usahatani ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study is how the effectiveness of agricultural extension on farm income Indrapuri of paddy in the district of Aceh Besar district. This research was conducted in the district of Aceh Besar district Indrapuri. The object of this research is the paddy rice farmers who are members of farmers' groups in the Work Area of the Agricultural Extension Center (WK-BPP) Indrapuri. The scope of this study is limited to the effectiveness of agricultural extension services to farm income Indrapuri of paddy in the district of Aceh Besar district. The amount of sample 52 with descriptive analysis and the effectiveness of counseling. The results showed that the effectiveness of agricultural extension on paddy rice farming in the district of Aceh Besar district Indrapuri of 94.8% on the prior existence of extension activities by 72,9%. Which means there is also an increase in the income level of farmers from previously only Rp.20.194.705 per ha per MT has been able to increase to Rp.30.046.062 per ha per MT.Keywords: Effectiveness, Education, Income, Farming

scholarly journals Farmers’ Participation in Agritourism: Does It Affect the Bottom Line?

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunjeong Joo ◽  
Aditya R. Khanal ◽  
Ashok K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Well Being

Agritourism is an alternative source of farm income. We examine farmers’ participation in agritourism activities to assess the impact of participation on farm household income and return to assets using a large farm-level survey. The results reveal that older, educated, and female operators are more likely to participate in agritourism. However, government subsidies and the population of the county are negatively correlated with agritourism. Of the types of farm operations examined, small-scale farms that involved agritourism generated the greatest household incomes and returns to assets. For operators of small farms, agritourism can boost the economic well-being of farm households.

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