A REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL SHORELINE OIL SPILLS

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Baker ◽  
D. I. Little ◽  
E. H. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Shoreline Protection ◽  
Oil Type

ABSTRACT Oil spill research and development has involved a large number of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness and the effects of marine shoreline protection and cleanup techniques. Considerable knowledge has accumulated from laboratory and wave tank studies, and there have also been a number of field experiments, in which oil was intentionally spilled on shorelines under controlled conditions. This review summarizes those field experiments, which are grouped in five major habitat types: rocky intertidal, cobble/pebble/gravel, sand/mud, saltmarshes, and mangroves/seagrasses. Tables included in the paper itemize the oil type and volume, location and substrate character, number and size of plots, response techniques tested, and referenced publications. This information is then used to combine understanding of the effectiveness of cleanup with understanding of the ecological effects of cleanup methods, compared with those of untreated oil. It is very difficult to achieve this type of information and understanding from toxicity testing or from spills of opportunity.

GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND THE SPONSORS' PERSPECTIVE ON THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE CHEMICAL RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS: ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS RESEARCH FORUM (CROSERF)

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1257-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don V. Aurand ◽  
Robin Jamail ◽  
Richard R. Lessard ◽  
George Henderson ◽  
Michael Sowby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Chemical Response

ABSTRACT In the summer of 1994, a group of organizations sponsoring research related to the environmental effects of chemical oil spill treating agents organized a working group to coordinate their research activities in this area. The purpose of Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum (CROSERF), as defined at the first meeting, was to provide a mechanism for the exchange of ideas and coordination of research to state, federal, and international agencies; industry; academic researchers; and consultants engaged in research on the ecological effects of oil spill response chemicals, especially dispersants. Each of the primary sponsors had its own objectives for the program, and contributed to the design of the cooperative research efforts. Over the past 7 years, there have been nine CROSERF meetings, each serving to direct the research efforts and resolve issues of importance to all of the participants. Most of the program objectives were achieved, but declining research funds limited the scope of the toxicity-testing program. Nevertheless, the forum provided the means for resolving dispersant and dispersed oil toxicity issues and encouraging communication among participants. The laboratory toxicity data generated by CROSERF is the most complete information currently available for multiple oils and species.

CALIFORNIA'S GNOME TRAJECTORY INITIATIVE TO DETERMINE BEST ACHIEVABLE PROTECTION FOR SENSITIVE SHORELINE RESOURCES FROM VESSEL OIL SPILLS

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Carl Jochums ◽  
Glen Watabyashi ◽  
Heather Parker-Hall
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Objective Standard ◽  
Shoreline Protection

ABSTRACT California has initiated a new approach to create an objective standard and regulate best achievable protection (BAP) for sensitive shoreline protection from vessel spills. The Oil Pollution Act (OPA 90) and California's Lempert-Keene-Seastrand Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act (SB 2040) mandate BAP as the standard for preparedness and response. BAP poses the critical response planning questions: “How much response resources should industry provide?” and “In what timeframes should those resources be deployed?” Prior California regulations intended to achieve BAP by relying on vessels to identify hazards, trajectories, environmental consequences, and response resource plans, produced less than optimal results in many instances. Though effective in theory, this approach resulted in fuzzy consequences and vague arrangements for adequate response. Because it was neither clear what sites would be protected (and what response resources would be required) nor at what time, and because it was consequentially not clear what response resources would be engaged to execute protection, drilling C-plans became obtuse. This in turn fostered “paper tiger” OSROs and resulted in an uneven playing field for business competitors. In Californias new approach, OSPR used many of the original concepts to identify BAP by using the NOAA GNOME oil spill model for generic vessel risk threats for California ports and along the California coast. This paper explains the theory, steps, and details. As a result of this process, BAP has been defined in terms of specific site deployments at specific time intervals and presented in tables in regulation. This new approach provides a number of benefits and solutions to the difficult issues in the former approach, including a standard for BAP.

THE BIOS PROJECT—FRONTIER OIL SPILL COUNTERMEASURES RESEARCH

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Blackall ◽  
Gary A. Sergy
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Shoreline Protection ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Physical Program ◽  
Micro Organisms

ABSTRACT After 18 months of planning, the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project was formally initiated in March 1980. This project marks a major new initiative in oil spill countermeasures development for Canada's northern frontiers. The primary objectives of this internationally funded project are (1) to determine if the use of chemical dispersants in the Arctic nearshore will reduce or increase the environmental effects of spilled oil, (2) to assess the fate of oil, and (3) to compare the relative effectiveness of other shoreline protection and cleanup techniques. This paper outlines the background and scope of the 4-year project and provides an overview of the first field season's results. Highlighted are the preliminary oil discharges, which took place in August 1980, and which marked the start of studies on the long-term fate of oil on Arctic beaches. In addition, the results of the baseline physical, chemical, and biological studies are presented. The physical program included detailed oceanographic, meteorological, and geomorphological studies. The chemical program determined the background hydrocarbon concentrations in the sediments, the water column, and the tissue of selected macrobenthic species; and also the environmental chemistry of the study area. The biological program characterized the macrobenthic flora and fauna and the micro-organisms that are potentially capable of biodegrading the oil. The physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of the oil were measured in laboratories and in the field. The ramifications of these results on the design of the oil spills scheduled for 1981 are discussed.

UNIVERSAL FIELD OIL SPILL CLASSIFICATION

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 920-922
Author(s):  
Robert W. Castle ◽  
Fred Wehrenberg
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Field Methodology ◽  
Spilled Oil ◽  
Oil Type ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The fate, behavior, impact, and response to oil spills can vary significantly in response to oil type and condition. This paper presents a field methodology that can be used to classify spilled oil based on observable physical properties. The classification methodology is intended to be used for shoreline cleanup assessment team (SCAT) surveys, selection of response techniques, and other emergency response applications.

CHEMICAL TREATING AGENTS: RESPONSE NICHES AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Hayward Walker ◽  
Janet H. Kucklick ◽  
Jacqueline Michel ◽  
Debra K. Scholz ◽  
Timothy Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Extensive Literature Search

ABSTRACT Chemical oil spill treating agents—here meant to exclude chemical oil spill dispersants, burning agents, and bioremediation agents—are one type of countermeasure used to control the release and/or spread of spilled oil. They are infrequently used in the United States, in part because they have been inadequately tested and demonstrated for efficacy and environmental effects. A study planned and sponsored by the Marine Spill Response Corporation examined the potential utility of chemical treating agents during marine oil spills. Through an extensive literature search and market survey process, this study defined specific product classes and evaluated these classes in terms of operational use, efficacy, and environmental fate and effects. Individual products within each class were also evaluated in terms of these study parameters, and a resultant compendium of available products worldwide was produced. Based on the evaluation, as well as results from a workshop held in conjunction with this project, specific response niches (for example, the application for which the countermeasure is best suited) for chemical treating agent classes were proposed. The niches were determined partially by evaluating the classes’ relative effectiveness according to oil type and degree of weathering. The study also recommended research and development needs.

Estimating Cleanup Costs for Oil Spills

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Schmidt Etkin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Cost Estimating ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Cost Estimation Model ◽  
Cleanup Cost ◽  
Oil Type

ABSTRACT The factors that affect cleanup cost are complex and interrelated. Each spill involves a unique set of circumstances that determine cleanup cost. Estimating a universal per-unit cleanup cost is essentially meaningless without taking into consideration factors such as location and oil type, which can profoundly influence costs. This paper examines the host of factors that impact cleanup cost in an effort to more accurately assess per-unit cleanup cost. A cost-estimation model, based on an analysis of cost data in the Oil Spill Intelligence Report (OSIR) International Oil Spill Database (a 38-year record of over 8,600 oil spills worldwide) is presented as an alternative to a universal per-unit cost value.

scholarly journals DMAIC Six Sigma Methodology in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Oil Classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.14) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azimah Ismail ◽  
Saiful Bahri Mohamed ◽  
Hafizan Juahir ◽  
Mohd Ekhwan Toriman ◽  
Azlina Md. Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Pareto Chart ◽  
Six Sigma Approach ◽  
Oil Type

This research focuses on the use of the DMAIC method (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) as a Six Sigma approach in studying oil spill fingerprint of samples recovered from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (East Malaysia). The DMAIC approach in this study was used as a way to classify oil types based on data obtained from GC-FID and GC-MS measurements. The cause-effect diagram was used to define the factors leading to the failure of the oil spill fingerprinting based on inaccurate oil type clustering. Discriminant Analysis (DA) was also applied to quantify the root-cause of the failure. An Ishikawa diagram obtained in the analysis phase identifies the potential failure causal. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied and was successful in discriminating four clusters of oil types, namely diesel, heavy fuel oil (HFO), mixture oil lube and fuel oil (MOLFO) and waste oil (WO) with a total variance of 85.3%. In the control phase, the use of a Pareto chart indicated 100% cumulative percentage of oil type clustering with a 95% confidence level. The DMAIC approach to be effective in solving oil spill fingerprinting problems and results in quality improvement in the clustering of oil spills into the different hydrocarbon types.  

“HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN” – PROPOSED METHOD FOR DETERMINING ENDPOINTS AND EVALUATING RESULTS OF OIL SPILL CLEAN UP OPERATIONS

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 925-930
Author(s):  
Jonas Fejes ◽  
Charlotte Lindgren ◽  
Christina Arbjörk
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Ecological Sensitivity ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Oil Type

ABSTRACT Determining endpoint in clean up operations after oil spill is considered a necessary action to appoint appropriate methods, equipment and levels of clean up. Today international standards to assist decision making in these questions are not commonly spread. In this article a first step for developing guidelines for determining endpoints is presented. The proposed method considers four parameters; quantity of oil, type of oil, ecological sensitivity and time of year. In different combinations the parameters give criteria for when clean up should be ended as further actions might cause more harms than benefits. The method focuses on environmental aspects and therefore mainly ecological effects are considered.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE COSTS OF OIL SPILL CLEANUP TECHNIQUES1

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Moller ◽  
H. D. Parker ◽  
J. A. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup ◽  
Pollution Spill ◽  
Oil Type ◽  
Mechanical Recovery

ABSTRACT This paper examines the costs of various cleanup techniques, drawing mainly on information from recent oil spills from ships. Analyses of the costs for dispersant application and for the use of offshore mechanical recovery equipment are compared in relation to their effectiveness and scope for reducing shoreline cleanup costs and damage from oil pollution. Spill size, oil type, coastline character, and the extent of pollution all contribute to the observed differences in shoreline cleanup and disposal costs. The influence of these factors is evaluated and criteria are proposed for selecting the most appropriate cleanup response to suit the circumstancees of a particular oil spill. On occasions, a response at sea is both necessary and worthwhile, but for most spills shoreline cleanup, including protection of sensitive resources, is likely to be the most cost-effective option.

scholarly journals Research and development for oil spill simulation backward in time at South China Sea in Viet Nam

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (M2) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Trinh Quoc Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
South China ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Input Condition

The paper presented the evaluation of oil spill simulation backward in time with some input data conditions at South China Sea in Vietnam such as the environment factors (from simple to complex conditions) and oil spills (from one to multifarious). Oil spill processes are computed simulations such as physical processes and weathering processes and the oil properties change. The results of research and development for oil spill simulation backward in time are considered và determined with oil spill on sea that are consistent with hypotheses and natural phenomena such as reversing the direction of divergence, increased concentration backward in time, especially with an remarkable concentration area. It determines the ability to trace emission source in space and time under each corresponding input condition. Besides, this study may still not be optimized so they will continue to be solved in the future.

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