Comparative Studies of Therapeutic Effect of Leaves, Stem Bark and Root Bark Extracts of Afzelia africana (Smith) in Mice Challenged with Trypanosoma brucei brucei

AbstractThis study aims at determining the in vitro antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory-like activities of Terminalia mollis root crude extracts. The antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities on Trypanosoma brucei brucei (strain 427) and promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mexicana (MHOM/BZ/84/BEL46) were evaluated in vitro. The methanolic root bark extract and standards were profiled by HPLC-PDA, and the majority of compounds identified using literature data. The in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-like activities were determined by evaluating the effect of crude extracts on reactive oxygen species produced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated equine neutrophils using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and on purified equine myeloperoxidase activity measured by specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection. The methanolic, aqueous crude extract, and aqueous crude extract free of tannins exhibited good growth inhibition on Trypanosoma brucei brucei (IC50 3.72, 6.05, and 4.45 µg/mL respectively) but were inactive against Leishmania mexicana mexicana (IC50 > 100 µg/mL). Suramin (IC50 0.11 µg/mL) and amphotericin (IC50 0.11 µg/mL) were used as standard respectively for the antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity. Very interesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-like activities were observed with 50% hydroethanolic, aqueous crude extracts, and aqueous crude extract free of tannins as well as with pure punicalagin, gallic, and ellagic acid (IC50 0.38 – 10.51 µg/mL for 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), chemiluminescence, and specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection assays. The study results support traditional medicinal use of the plant for the treatment of parasitical disorders and revealed for the first time the antitrypanosomal potential, anti-inflammatory-like, and antioxidant activity of Terminalia mollis root.

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In vivo Antitrypanosomal Effect of Boswelia dalzielli Stem bark Extract in Trypanosoma brucei brucei – infected mice

Nigerian Journal of Technological Research ◽

10.4314/njtr.v10i1.s10 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MH Garba ◽

AY Kabir ◽

J Ajayi ◽

O Ega ◽

BJ Lekene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Stem Bark Extract

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Activity of Kigelia pinnata root bark against Trypanosoma brucei brucei trypomastigotes

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ◽

10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02424.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 50 (S9) ◽

pp. 224-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. V. K. Moiden ◽

P. J. Houghton ◽

S. L. Croft ◽

P. Rock

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Root Bark ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Kigelia Pinnata

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Biochemical Studies of Different Parts of Afzelia Africana Smith

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science ◽

10.52589/ajafs-8t8zhztn ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 11-24

Author(s):

Okeke C.U. ◽

Okeke P.N. ◽

Iroka F.C. ◽

Orji M.E.

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Magnesium Content ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Food Supplement ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Root Bark ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Afzelia Africana

Phytochemical and proximate analysis was carried out on the seed, leaf, stem bark, stem, root bark and root of Afzelia Africana plant. This analysis revealed that phytochemical constituents were mostly predominant in the leaf and lower in other parts of the plant. Steroid was high in the root (0.49±0.01) and lower in the stem (0.04±0.01). Phytate content was high in the seed (0.40±0.03) and lower in the stem. Carbohydrate, protein, fats, ash and moisture content were high in the seed. Fibre was high in the stem (61.1±0.23) and lower in the seed (3.61±0.06). Vit. C (ascorbic acid) was the highest vitamin component in all the plant parts with leaf being the highest (12.69±1.02) and root having the lowest (2.64±1.24). The stem has the lowest content of Vit. A, Vit. B2, and Vit. B3. The seed has the highest calcium content (188.80±5.54) while the leaf has the lowest (28.84±0.25). Stem bark has the highest magnesium content (10.08±0.94) and lowest in the root (4.96±0.14). Potassium and phosphorus were high in the leaf (368.67±3.06) and low in the stem. Sodium was high in the seed (11.63±0.40) and lower in the root (5.23±0.23). This study shows that the seed of Afzelia africana has the highest biochemical content and could serve as a good food supplement for man and livestock. The presence of phytate is known to induce mineral-related deficiency, its consumption also provides protection against a variety of cancers via its antioxidant properties.

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In vivo antitrypanosomal effects of stem-bark extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.4314/sokjvs.v15i3.11 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 78 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AM Tauheed ◽

MM Suleiman ◽

M Mamman ◽

AI Lawal

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei

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Anti-trypanosomal activity of crude and nano-conjugated ethanol stem bark extracts of Sterculia setigera in mice

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 152-166

Author(s):

M.O. Abdulrazaq ◽

H.Y. Adeyemi ◽

A.S. Abdulkareem, ◽

M.T. Bankole ◽

A. Abubakar

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Brucei ◽

Blood Circulation ◽

Infected Animal ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Treated Group ◽

Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Negative Controls

This study was carried out to screen for anti-trypanosomal activities of Sterculia setigera crude and nano-conjugated ethanol extracts of synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Fresh stem bark of S. setigera was separately extracted with ethanol (ES) and aqueous (AS) followed by green synthesis/reduction of ethanol extract with AuNPs, and its formulation into nano-conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered toTrypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nano conjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate(berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera and berenil were also orally administered to different groups of rats for 12 days consecutively. Theresults showed that the ethanol extract treated group recorded significant decrease in parasitaemia than the aqueous treated group when compared with the untreated controlgroups (p<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with both the nanoconjugates effectively cleared the parasites from the blood circulation of the infected animal (p<0.05). Bodyweight and PCV of treated groups improved significantly in all the treated animals (p<0.05). The ethanol extract ofS. setigera exhibited trypanostatic activity while its nano-conjugated was trypanocidal.

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