scholarly journals Anti-trypanosomal activity of crude and nano-conjugated ethanol stem bark extracts of Sterculia setigera in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
M.O. Abdulrazaq ◽  
H.Y. Adeyemi ◽  
A.S. Abdulkareem, ◽  
M.T. Bankole ◽  
A. Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Negative Controls

This study was carried out to screen for anti-trypanosomal activities of Sterculia setigera crude and nano-conjugated ethanol extracts of synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Fresh stem bark of S. setigera was separately extracted with ethanol (ES) and aqueous (AS) followed by green synthesis/reduction of ethanol extract with AuNPs, and its formulation into nano-conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered toTrypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nano conjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate(berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera conjugate with the addition of standard drug Diminazine aceturate (berenil). The synthesized AuNPs were also characterized. Both the extracts and drug were separately administered to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected animals orally at 200mg/kg bodyweight for 12 consecutive days. Two separate groups were infected untreated and infected treated with Diminazine aceturate (Berenil) to serve as positive and negative controls respectively. Similarly nanoconjugates of S. satigera and berenil were also orally administered to different groups of rats for 12 days consecutively. Theresults showed that the ethanol extract treated group recorded significant decrease in parasitaemia than the aqueous treated group when compared with the untreated controlgroups (p<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with both the nanoconjugates effectively cleared the parasites from the blood circulation of the infected animal (p<0.05). Bodyweight and PCV of treated groups improved significantly in all the treated animals (p<0.05). The ethanol extract ofS. setigera exhibited trypanostatic activity while its nano-conjugated was trypanocidal.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Toxicity and Antioxidant Property of Cassia fistula Stem Bark Extracts in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Shreya Udaya ◽  
Nishith Babu ◽  
Dechamma Pandyanda Nanjappa ◽  
Krithika Kalladka ◽  
Gunimala Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Stress Models

Abstract Objective This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity and the antioxidant property of Cassia fistula stem bark extracts in zebrafish. Materials and Methods Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of C. fistula stem bark were obtained following a standard solvent-based extraction method. The toxicity of these extracts on zebrafish embryonic development was determined and the LC50 values were calculated. Finally, the antioxidant property of C. fistula stem bark extracts was determined in arsenic-induced oxidative stress models of zebrafish. Results The aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark showed a slightly larger LC50 value (213.6 ppm) compared with the ethanol extract (LC50 = 63.5 ppm), suggesting a lower toxicity of the aqueous extract. A significant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal was observed in arsenic-exposed embryos treated with the aqueous extract, but not the ethanol extract, indicating that the antioxidant activity is present only in the aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark. Conclusion Identification of antioxidants from natural sources is desirable because of increasing safety concerns associated with synthetic antioxidants. This study demonstrated that aqueous extract from C. fistula stem bark possesses antioxidant properties, which can be further characterized for mechanism of action and potential applications.

scholarly journals Ex vivo trypanostatic effect of stem-bark extracts of Securidaca longipedunculata (Fres. Holl) against Trypanosoma brucei brucei

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (51) ◽  
pp. 2789-2794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tauheed Abdullah ◽  
Musa Suleiman Mohammed ◽  
Mamman Mohammed ◽  
Alao Lawal Idris
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei

Combination therapy of vitamin C and phenolics-rich fraction of Khaya senegalensis stem bark extract against Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection

Synergy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim ◽  
Aliyu Muhammad Musa ◽  
Hassanat Taye Tairu ◽  
Maryam Kassim ◽  
Abubakar Babando Aliyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

In vitro evaluation of antisickling activity of herbal combination of three medicinal plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
O.O. Amujoyegbe ◽  
M. Idu ◽  
J.M. Agbedahunsi ◽  
G.N. Bazuaye
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Piper Guineense ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
African People ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Gongronema Latifolium ◽  
Cell Disorder

Sickle cell disorder is a genetic ailment with enormous social and economic burden for patients and caregivers. The most promising management apart from being expensive particularly for poor African people, faces some major incompatibility problems. The patients consequently rely on herbal therapy which could be prepared in single or combination forms to manage the painful episodes and its complications. This present study aimed to formulate polyherbal combination and evaluate three purposively selected plants previously reported for their antisickling activities. The polyherbal products were formulated using both aqueous and 70% ethanol extracts into different combinational ratio with the best in 1:1:1 and evaluated for its antisickling activity. The antisickling activity involved both the inhibitory and reversal effects at varying concentrations from 1.0 mg/ml to 6.0 mg/ml using ciklavit as the positive control. The best inhibitory activity was found in ethanol extract of Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Cymbopogon citratus (PGC) with 70.09 ± 0.67% when compared with the positive control (59.25 ± 0.05%) at 4.0 mg/mg while the reversal ability was 67.87 ± 1.23%. The aqueous extracts of the combinations had activity above 50% with the exception of PGC (2:3:1) which is a little less than 50% (46.67 ± 0.98%) while the highest was 60.02 ± 0.87%. The polyherbal ethanol extract had better effects than the aqueous extract and the standard drug used in this study.

scholarly journals Isolation of Betulinic acid from the stem bark and root of Uapaca guineensis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrazaq Ogunmoye
Keyword(s):  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoid ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Isolated Compound

Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) commonly called false mahogany and “Ewe akun” in the western part of Nigeria grows in humid localities, mixed evergreen forest and sea-level up to 1100 m altitude. The study was designed to isolate Betulinic acid (3?-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-28-oic acid) which is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid that exhibited antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic and antioxidant properties from the stem bark and root of Uapaca guineensis. The air-dried and pulverized stem bark and root of U. guineensis (0.5 kg each) were separately extracted with aqueous ethanol (80%) for 72 hour at room temperature, filtered, concentrated on rotatory evaporator at 37 oC and then stored in a desiccator. The ethanol extracts of the stem bark was partitioned successively with n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol, while ethanol extract of the root was chromatographed directly. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the stem bark was also chromatographed. These results in the formation of whitish powder that are UV inactive and also gave single spot each with cerium sulphate. They are coded as DBG-D13 (25.0 mg), MBG-Q3 (6.1 mg) and ERG-E7 (20.0 mg) for dichloromethane, Methanol and Ethanol extracts respectively. The structure was unequivocally established by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 2D-NMR, IR, UV and MS spectra analysis as well as by comparison of the spectra data with previously reported values. The dichloromethane, methanol and the ethanol extracts all yielded betulinic acid in substantial quantity. The isolated compound is a confirmation to existing information and an addition to the library of organic compounds.

scholarly journals Isolation of Lasiodiplodin and Evaluation of some Biological Activities of the Stem Barks of Phyllanthus Albizzioides (Kurz) Hook.f.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khine Zar Wynn Lae ◽  
Su Swe Su ◽  
Nwet Nwet Win ◽  
Ni Ni Than ◽  
Hla Ngwe
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Relative Structure

A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people throughout the world. It is now mostly thought that nature has given the cure of every disease in one form or another. Plants have been known to cure people from various diseases in Ayurveda. This research focused on the screening of phytochemicals and some biological activities of Phyllanthus albizzioides. The research showed that the ethanol extracts were found to be greater chemical constituents than watery extracts. Among the chemical constituents, steroid compounds were observed in highest amount in ethanol extract and the second highest in flavonoid compounds followed by tannin compounds and pheolic compounds. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts were more effective than the watery extracts in all tested biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antitumor and NO inhibition activities. A cyclohexanone compound was isolated from the chloroform extract of the stem bark of P. albizzioides. The relative structure was determined to be 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-enone on the basic of HRESIMS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR experiments.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of the chemotherapeutic efficacies of two salts of diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1961-1967
Author(s):  
Ukamaka U. Eze ◽  
Ifeanyi G. Eke ◽  
Ikenna O. Ezeh ◽  
Terry A. Nzeakor ◽  
Callistus Owube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Experimental Canine

Purpose: To compare the anti-trypanosomal efficacies of 4,4-(diazoaminedibenzamidinetrihydrate) diacetate (4,4-DDBT) and 4,4-(diazoamino) benzamidine (4,4-DB) in experimental canine trypanosomosis. Methods: The efficacies of 4,4-DDBT and 4,4-DB were evaluated in 4 groups of dogs (n = 3) designated A-D. Group A was normal control without infection or drug treatment, group B did not receive any drug treatment but was infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, while groups C and D were infected with T. b. brucei and treated with 4,4-DDBT(3.5 mg/kg) and 4,4-DB (3.5 mg/kg), respectively. Results: The incubation period of the infection was 6 - 9 days post-infection. Treatment of the dogs with 4,4-DDBT led to zero parasitaemia 48 h post-treatment, while there was only a decrease in parasitemia to log 6 in 4,4-DB-treated dogs. Resurgence of parasite into the blood stream occurred in 4,4-DDBTtreated dogs 6 days after initial parasite clearance. Blood analyses post-treatment revealed elevated leucocytes and lymphocytes in 4,4-DB-treated dogs (p < 0.05). Packed cell volume was also observed to be higher in 4,4-DDBT-treated group when compared to 4,4-DB group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that 4,4-DDBT is more efficacious in the clinical management of canine trypanosomosis caused by T. b. brucei. However, it does not prevent relapse of infection. Based on these findings, therefore, 4,4-DDBT should be the diminazene salt of choice when indicated in the clinical management of T. b. brucei infection in dogs.

scholarly journals ANTICONVULSANT AND SEDATIVE ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF CARISSA CARANDAS LEAVES.

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Shinde ◽  
Ritu Gilhotra ◽  
Sanjay Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Carissa Carandas ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

The present study was carried out to find out the preliminary phytochemical properties, anticonvulsant and sedative activities of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of Carissa carandas leaves. The standard methods were used to screen the preliminary photochemicals present  in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Carissa carandas leaves. The anticonvulsant efficacy of the extracts was determined using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in experimental animal models using diazepam as standard drug and the sedative effect was evaluated using pentobarbitone that induced sleep in mice. The efficacy of the extracts was compared against the standard drug Diazepam .The preliminary phytochemical investigation shows presence of alkaloids, glycoside, tannins,terpins . The crude extracts of ethanolic, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether at a dose 400 mg/kg has been found to significantly reduce the extensor and stupor and offer protection against convulsion induced by PTZ. The petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract found to be non significant at a dose of 100 mg/kg in flexion. It is seen that the crude extracts of ethanolic, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether Of Carissa carandas leaves significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged the time of sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. However, the animal study revealed that the anticonvulsant and sedative activities of Carissa carandas can be used in the treatment of epilepsy. Key words- Carissa carandas, anticonvulsant, pentobarbitone, hypnosis, epilepsy.          

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective activity of whole Plant Extract of Catharanthus Pusillus (Murr.) G.Don (Apocynaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3S3) ◽  
pp. 443-448
Keyword(s):  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Serum Enzymes ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Whole Plant

CCl4 intoxicated rats showed significant elevation in serum enzymes, bilirubin and lipid per oxidation of the liver tissues and reduction in serum total protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity. Treatment with ethanol extract of Catharanthus pusillus whole plant altered the above parameters to the levels of near normal. All the above results were comparable with the standard drug silymarin (100mg/kg) treated group. Thus the present study ascertains that the ethanol extract of Catharanthus pusillus whole plant possesses significant hepatoprotective activity

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