scholarly journals The Concentration Distance and the Average Kinetic Energy of a Diffusible Solute in its Medium

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mustapha Umar Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
New Equation

Seven sets of diffusible samples were allowed to diffuse in their medium in order to observe how much meters of distance a given volume of sample will cover in its medium at particular condition. At the same time also to observe how much joules of average kinetic energy that given sample volume possess during the course of its traveling. After successful diffusion by using suitable apparatus, all data associated with this study was carefully observed repeatedly and recorded. In which, mean values were used. Series of findings were found including new equation Xc=   which can be used in determining this new initiative (concentration distance of a diffusible solute in its medium (Xc)).

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE 16O(γ, p)3H3α REACTION AT THE ENERGIES BELOW THE MESON PRODUCTION THRESHOLD

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
S.N. Afanasiev
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Meson Production ◽  
Diffusion Chamber ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Bremsstrahlung Photons ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
The Cross

The reaction 16O(γ, p)3H3 induced by bremsstrahlung photons of endpoint energy Emaxγ = 150 MeV has been studied by the method of a diffusion chamber in a magnetic field. The energy dependence of the total cross section has been measured in the energy range from the threshold and has been founded a broad resonance centered at 55 MeV. The rate of decrease in the cross section undergoes a change in the region around 55 MeV. A comparison was made with the cross section for reactions 4He(γ, p)3H and 12С(γ, р)3H2. The agreement between the shapes of distributions for the (γ, p)3H reactions is evident and was concluded that the mechanism of interaction of the γ-quantum with the nucleus is similar. The dependence of average kinetic energy of particles on the total kinetic energy was determined. In the whole energy interval, the distribution for a proton is more than the statistical distribution. Distribution of relative energy of the proton and 3H nucleus in their c.m.s. does not agree with the predictions of the mechanism of photon absorption by an α-particle cluster, but at energies above the maximum, it agrees with calculations within the framework of the quasi-deuteron model of photoabsorption.

A Theoretical Investigation of the Kinetic Energy of Ions Trapped in a Radio-Frequency Hexapole Ion Trap

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam A. McDonnell ◽  
Anastassios E. Giannakopulos ◽  
Peter J. Derrick ◽  
Youri O. Tsybin ◽  
Per Håkansson
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Space Charge ◽  
Free Path ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Covalent Adducts

The kinetic energy dependence of ions trapped in a radio-frequency (RF) hexapole ion trap has been calculated as a function of space charge, mean free path, mass, RF potential and charge. The average kinetic energy of the ions was found to increase with increasing space charge, mean free path and the ion charge state. For a trapped ion in a given coulombic field, the mass of the ion and the amplitude of the applied RF potential did not affect the average kinetic energy. The consequences for multipole-storage-assisted dissociation (MSAD), in which ions are accumulated for prolonged periods of time in the multipole ion trap of an electrospray ion source, are discussed. As a result of radial stratification inside the ion trap, MSAD can lead to the preferential excitation of ions with larger m/z values. Such discrimination would have negative consequences for the detection of labile non-covalent adducts, which are normally detected at higher m/z values than their constituent species.

scholarly journals The triplets of helium

1929 ◽  
Vol 122 (790) ◽  
pp. 513-532 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Quantum Number ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Schrödinger’S Equation ◽  
Spin Effects ◽  
Classical Energy ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Schrödinger's Equation

A theory of the helium atom was developed by Heisenberg, following his famous principle of “resonance.” His work is based upon Schrodinger’s equation, and in order to allow for the spin of the electrons he introduces extra energy terms, expressing the classical energy of two appropriate magnets. It is the perturbation by this spin energy which produces the triplet separations. Heisenberg’s calculation of these separations is open to three criticisms: (1) He assumes that certain simple forms are correct first approximations to the wave-functions; whereas, owing to degeneracy, it is necessary to take linear combinations of these forms. (2) He estimates the mean values of the spin energy by means of a model built up of precessing vectors. (3) He neglects the radius of the inner orbit in comparison with that of the outer orbit, even when the principal quantum number of the latter is only 2; this is the least satisfactory of several necessary simplifications. Schrödinger’s equation is likely to be supplanted as the foundation of wave-mechanics by the equation recently put forward by Dirae. This fits the spin of the electron neatly into the theory of relativity, and produces the doublets of the hydrogen-like atom in a beautiful manner. Dirac’s q -number theory has been translated into wave-mechanics by Darwin. Apart altogether from the above criticisms of Heisenberg, it seemed expedient to proceed to the theory of an atom with two electrons on the basis of the new equation. Calculations which are independent of the spin, such as the approximate energylevels, and the separation between ortho- and para-terms, are the same on either theory, and are not the concern of this paper. We deal here with spin effects, such as the fine structure of the triplets and intercombinations between ortho- and para-states.

A CALORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE FRAGMENTS FROM U235 FISSION

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Leachman ◽  
W. D. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
U235 Fission ◽  
Induced Fission ◽  
Differential Calorimeter ◽  
Calorimetric Determination ◽  
Good Agreement

The average heat of thermal-neutron induced fission of U235 has been measured by a differential calorimeter. The average energy per fission observed by the calorimeter was 170.1 ± 1.2 Mev. On the basis of the thicknesses of the calorimeter materials and the theoretical energy loss equation, the β energy per fission observed by the calorimeter is 3.0 ± 1 Mev. and, on the same basis, the γ and neutron energy observed is negligible. The resulting 167.1 ± 1.6 Mev. for the average kinetic energy of the fission products is shown to be in good agreement with less direct determinations of this quantity.

The structures and energetics of fully nonlinear symmetric baroclinic waves

1984 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 343-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Richardson Number ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Zonal Flow ◽  
Meridional Flow ◽  
Average Kinetic Energy ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Baroclinic Waves

A finite-difference Navier-Stokes model has been used to study rotating baroclinic flow for Richardson number [lsim ] 1, assuming no variations except in the vertical plane wholly containing the density-gradient vector. A section of a horizontally infinite channel has been studied, assuming periodic boundary conditions at the vertical computational boundaries and no-slip conducting horizontal boundaries. Two configurations were studied, both of which have an analytic basic solution with no horizontal variations in the velocities or density gradients. Symmetric baroclinic waves developed in the flows, as long as the Richardson number was not too large and the thermal Rossby number was large enough (for fixed diffusion parameters), consistent with linear theory. The structures and energetics of the fully developed waves were found to be especially dependent upon the Prandtl number Pr. Potential energy was the ultimate wave-energy source in all cases, and the average zonal flow was never much affected by the waves. For Pr > 1 the conversion from potential energy to wave kinetic energy was direct, via temperature and vertical-motion correlation. For Pr < 1 the conversion was from potential energy, to average kinetic energy by virtue of an induced meridional flow, to wave kinetic energy. For Pr = 1 the energy conversion was by either or both of the above, depending upon the other parameters.

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