scholarly journals Effects of Induced Haemorrahge on Thermoregulation, Blood Constituents and Serum Biochemical Parameters in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Khalid A. O. Sukar ◽  
Abdalla M. Abdelatif ◽  
Ahmed O. Alameen
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Serum Biochemical

Background and Objectives: Haemorrhage is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity of mother and foetus. Pregnancy is associated with changes which may influence responses to bleeding. This study was designed to examine the influence of controlled haemorrhage and compare thermoregulation and haematological and biochemical parameters in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. Materials and Methods: Twelve pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits, 6 in each group, were used in the studies. Both groups of animals were subjected to 20% haemorrhage of total blood volume on gestation day 21. The rectal temperature (Tr), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were monitored for 2 days following bleeding. Blood samples were collected at 24 hrs before induction of bleeding and then after bleeding at 30 min, 24 hrs and 48 hrs. The samples were used for measurements of haematological parameters; coagulation profile, arterial blood gases and serum electrolytes. Results: The general trend indicates lower Tr values in pregnant rabbits at 30 min post-haemorrhage. The values of RR and HR were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in pregnant and nonpregnant animals at 24 hrs post-haemorrhage. The pregnant rabbits showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in platelets count at 24 hrs post-haemorrhage compared to the nonpregnant values. In pregnant rabbits, haemorrhage was associated with significant increase in PT. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was significantly (P≤ 0.01) prolonged at 24 hrs post-haemorrhage in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits. The partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) in pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits was significantly (P≤ 0.01) increased at 24hrs and 48 hrs post-haemorrhage. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) decreased significantly (P≤0.01) at 30 min post-haemorrhage in pregnant rabbits. There was a slight increase in Na and Ca levels in pregnant rabbits’ post-haemorrhage. Haemorrhage in rabbits was associated with significant decreases in plasma osmolality in pregnant rabbits. Conclusion: Pregnancy induces modifications in some physiological responses to haemorrhage. The information generated could be used in monitoring maternal health during pregnancy and risks of changes associated with haemorrhage in mammals.

Arterial Blood Gases

2014 ◽  
pp. 410-419
Author(s):  
Jeremy B. Richards ◽  
David H. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Acid Base Status

An arterial blood gas (ABG) provides clinically useful information about an individual's acid–base status, the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, the partial pressure of arterial oxygen, and the arterial oxygen saturation. Hypoxia, dyspnea, or suspected acid–base disturbance are clear indications to check an ABG. Altered mental status, critical illness, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are specific clinical syndromes or presentations that warrant checking an ABG. An ABG is helpful in evaluating pulmonary pathophysiology as the presence and severity of hypoxia and/or hypercapnia can be quantified. Because an ABG can rapidly provide information about oxygenation, ventilation, and acid–base status, ABGs are particularly useful and common in the critical care setting.

scholarly journals Effects of an allosteric hemoglobin affinity modulator on arterial blood gases and cardiopulmonary responses during normoxic and hypoxic low-intensity exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1476
Author(s):  
Glenn M. Stewart ◽  
Steven Chase ◽  
Troy J. Cross ◽  
Courtney M. Wheatley-Guy ◽  
Michael J. Joyner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

In humans, a novel allosteric hemoglobin-oxygen affinity modulator was administered to comprehensively examine the cardiopulmonary consequences of stabilizing a portion of the available hemoglobin in a high-oxygen affinity state during submaximal exercise in normoxia and hypoxia. Oral administration of voxelotor enhanced arterial oxygen saturation during submaximal exercise without altering oxygen consumption and central hemodynamics; however, the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide was reduced and the partial pressure of arterial oxygen was increased implying that hyperventilation also contributed to the increase in oxygen saturation. The preservation of arterial oxygen saturation and content was particularly evident during hypoxic submaximal exercise, when arterial desaturation typically occurs, but this did not influence arterial-venous oxygen difference.

Pulmonary Effects of Sustained Periods of High-G Acceleration Relevant to Suborbital Spaceflight

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 633-641
Author(s):  
Ross D. Pollock ◽  
Caroline J. Jolley ◽  
Nadia Abid ◽  
John H. Couper ◽  
Luis Estrada-Petrocelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Arterial Blood

AbstractBACKGROUND: Members of the public will soon be taking commercial suborbital spaceflights with significant Gx (chest-to-back) acceleration potentially reaching up to 6 Gx. Pulmonary physiology is gravity-dependent and is likely to be affected, which may have clinical implications for medically susceptible individuals.METHODS: During 2-min centrifuge exposures ranging up to 6 Gx, 11 healthy subjects were studied using advanced respiratory techniques. These sustained exposures were intended to allow characterization of the underlying pulmonary response and did not replicate actual suborbital G profiles. Regional distribution of ventilation in the lungs was determined using electrical impedance tomography. Neural respiratory drive (from diaphragm electromyography) and work of breathing (from transdiaphragmatic pressures) were obtained via nasoesophageal catheters. Arterial blood gases were measured in a subset of subjects. Measurements were conducted while breathing air and breathing 15 oxygen to simulate anticipated cabin pressurization conditions.RESULTS: Acceleration caused hypoxemia that worsened with increasing magnitude and duration of Gx. Minimum arterial oxygen saturation at 6 Gx was 86 1 breathing air and 79 1 breathing 15 oxygen. With increasing Gx the alveolar-arterial (A-a) oxygen gradient widened progressively and the relative distribution of ventilation reversed from posterior to anterior lung regions with substantial gas-trapping anteriorly. Severe breathlessness accompanied large progressive increases in work of breathing and neural respiratory drive.DISCUSSION: Sustained high-G acceleration at magnitudes relevant to suborbital flight profoundly affects respiratory physiology. These effects may become clinically important in the most medically susceptible passengers, in whom the potential role of centrifuge-based preflight evaluation requires further investigation.Pollock RD, Jolley CJ, Abid N, Couper JH, Estrada-Petrocelli L, Hodkinson PD, Leonhardt S, Mago-Elliott S, Menden T, Rafferty G, Richmond G, Robbins PA, Ritchie GAD, Segal MJ, Stevenson AT, Tank HD, Smith TG. Pulmonary effects of sustained periods of high-G acceleration relevant to suborbital spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(7):633641.

Comparison of SVO2, SpO2, and clinical parameters with arterial blood gases during ventilatory weaning after cardiac surgery

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Noll ◽  
JF Byers
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Bypass Graft ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

Correlations of mixed venous and arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and mean arterial pressure with arterial blood gas variables were computed for 57 sets of data obtained from 30 postoperative coronary artery bypass graft patients who were being weaned from mechanical ventilation. Arterial oxygen saturation and respiratory rate correlated significantly, although moderately, with blood gases.

Age-related cerebrovascular response to global ischemia in pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. H1551-H1558
Author(s):  
J. R. Kirsch ◽  
M. A. Helfaer ◽  
K. Blizzard ◽  
T. J. Toung ◽  
R. J. Traystman
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Global Ischemia ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Age Related

We tested the hypothesis that 1- to 2-wk-old pigs (piglet) have improved recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2), and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) compared with 6- to 8-mo-old pigs (pig) after transient global cerebral ischemia. All animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. After tracheostomy ventilation was adjusted to maintain normoxia (arterial oxygen pressure, 100-150 mmHg) and normocarbia (arterial carbon dioxide pressure, 35-40 mmHg). Arterial blood gases, blood pressure, and hemoglobin concentration remained within physiological limits throughout the experiment. Cerebral ischemia was produced by sequentially tightening ligatures around the inferior vena cava and ascending aorta. During ischemia the electroencephalogram and SEP became isoelectric within 40 and 120 s, respectively. At 10 min of reperfusion hyperemia occurred in most brain regions (e.g., whole brain: piglet, 270 +/- 45%; pig, 316 +/- 48%). In pigs delayed hypoperfusion occurred in all regions except white matter. In contrast, piglets only had delayed hyperperfusion to the brain stem and caudate nucleus. Throughout reperfusion CMRO2 was decreased in pigs (3.3 +/- 0.4 to 1.9 +/- 0.2 ml.min-1.100 g-1) but was not different from control (2.7 +/- 0.3 ml.min-1.100 g-1) in piglets. By the end of reperfusion SEP amplitude was closer to control in piglets than pigs (55 +/- 9 vs. 32 +/- 4% of control). We conclude that 1- to 2-wk-old piglets have quicker return of CBF, CMRO2, and SEP to control values after global ischemia, which mechanistically may explain previous reports of improved neurological recovery in young animals after transient ischemia.

Suppressed basal antidiuretic hormone release during cyclooxygenase inhibition in conscious dogs

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (4) ◽  
pp. R487-R491
Author(s):  
B. R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Both in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that prostaglandins may affect antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release centrally. In addition, other studies show that prostaglandins administered peripherally may cause ADH release. However, these latter studies have been flawed by hemodynamic alterations and the use of anesthetics, which make interpretation difficult. The present study was designed to test for involvement of prostaglandins produced outside the central nervous system in ADH release in conscious dogs. Administration of meclofenamate (2 mg/kg and 2 mg X kg-1 X h 1, iv) resulted in a consistent fall in plasma ADH levels in five dogs. This diminution of ADH release occurred with no change in systemic hemodynamics, arterial blood gases, or plasma osmolality, suggesting that prostaglandins are important mediators of basal ADH release in the conscious dog. Because meclofenamate does not cross the blood-brain barrier, prostaglandins produced outside the central nervous system appear to be involved in this process. The specific prostaglandin involved or the site of action of prostaglandins on ADH release is not clear at this time.

Measurement of arterial blood gases at the transition from exercise to rest

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1340-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Two Samples

Arterial blood gas samples obtained 5–20 s after stair-climbing exercise were compared with samples taken during the last 30 s of exercise in 137 subjects. Arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) did not change significantly, and in 110 subjects the two samples were within the analytical variation (+/- 2 Torr), supporting the cardiodynamic hypothesis of respiratory regulation. Exceptions to this response were 10 subjects who hyperventilated (PaCO2 less than 34) during exercise and 15 with severe obstruction [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) less than 70% forced vital capacity (FVC), and FVC less than 70% of predicted] in whom PaCO2 increased significantly. Overall, arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) increased an average of 3.49 Torr (P less than 0.001). In the two groups in which PaCO2 increased, postexercise PaO2 did not rise. In addition, duration of exercise affected PaO2 response. PaO2 increased significantly more after brief (less than 2 min) periods than after longer (4–6 min) exercise, and this difference increased only when subjects with normal or borderline ventilatory function were analyzed. In 13 subjects in whom a second sample was taken 30–45 s after exercise, the increase in PaO2 was progressive and again the difference between short and long exercise was evident. Regulation of respiration to maintain PaCO2 and changes in O2-CO2 kinetics, leading to an increase in the gas exchange ratio at the exercise-rest transition, are the most likely explanations of these data which establish that the usual response to stopping exercise in normal subjects and most patients is an unchanged PaCO2 and a variable increase in PaO2.

Neonatal Radial Artery Puncture: A Teaching Simulator

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1054-1056
Author(s):  
Richard L. Schreiner ◽  
Edwin L. Gresham ◽  
Craig G. Gosling ◽  
Marilyn B. Escobedo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Supplemental Oxygen ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Tibial Arteries ◽  
Sick Newborn ◽  
Umbilical Arteries

Respiratory diseases of the newborn continue to be major contributors to neonatal mortality and morbidity. When caring for a sick newborn who requires supplemental oxygen or when evaluating an infant with cyanosis, it is imperative to determine the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) to prevent the damage that may result from either hypoxia or hyperoxia. See image in the PDF file The technical difficulties encountered when monitoring arterial blood gases in newborns, especially in small premature infants, are well known. Possible sites of blood sampling include: (1) radial, brachial, temporal, dorsal pedal, and posterior tibial arteries; (2) umbilical arteries; and (3) capillaries ("arterialized"). "Capillary" or "arterialized" samples are satisfactory for determination of PCO2 and pH but are probably inadequate for accurate PO2 values.

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