scholarly journals General Considerations on Antimicrobial Tests and Conditions Applicable in Textile Industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ali Mohamed Elshafei
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Sterility Test ◽  
Antimicrobial Test ◽  
Antimicrobial Materials ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
The Difference

Due to the globally increasing need for utilizing antimicrobial materials, it is necessary to improve and develop newer methods and techniques for determining the antimicrobial properties of these materials qualitatively and quantitatively, especially in the medical field. Recently there has been a debate among scientists between the difference between antimicrobial test and sterility test. For antimicrobial and microbial resistance, the test is limited to the standard methods to determine the effect of the sample as an antimicrobial without paying attention to the fact that the sample is sterile or not, unless the sample was taken into sterile atmosphere and isolated with a protective suitable sterile package cover after treatment with the antimicrobial agent because the external    atmosphere contains a lot of scattered types of bacterial and fungal microorganisms. In case of sterility test, the sample to be examined should be prepared, isolated and coated from the outside atmosphere, where the presence of microbes on the surface of the sample by standard methods is detected and in some sterilization tests it is prohibited to include an antimicrobial substance to the sample to be tested to avoid the interference with the test. In both cases the tests should be implemented in a sterilized room and conditions according to the recognized scientific principles. In conclusions, the antimicrobial test is used to make sure that the specimen is attained antimicrobial properties or not and the sterilization test is done by ensuring that the sample is free of contaminated microorganisms. This review poses on some factor and conditions affecting antimicrobial action and some standard test methods for determination of antimicrobial and sterility potential of materials.

The Validity of Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Weld Fracture

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Graham ◽  
W. G. Reuter ◽  
W. R. Lloyd ◽  
J. S. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Linear Elasticity ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Displacement Fields ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Fracture Parameters ◽  
Homogeneous Materials

Standard methods for testing fracture toughness of homogeneous materials are currently being applied to welds. A weld is, by nature, a heterogeneous structure containing zones with different microstructures and mechanical properties. The validity of using fracture parameters developed for homogeneous materials to characterize fracture of welds has not been established. Tests were conducted to investigate whether the extension of a crack along an interface is governed by the same fracture parameters used to predict fracture in homogeneous materials. The tests involved measuring the displacement fields around a crack tip in the interface between two materials with matched elastic properties and differing yield strengths. The form of the displacement distribution was then compared with the theoretical displacements for linear elasticity and nonlinear elasticity with power-law hardening.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Intergranular Corrosion Tests on EN AW-6016 Sheet Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5294
Author(s):  
Peer Decker ◽  
Ines Zerbin ◽  
Luisa Marzoli ◽  
Marcel Rosefort
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Sheet Material ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Corrosion Depth ◽  
Corrosion Tests ◽  
Automotive Company ◽  
Test Parameters

Two different intergranular corrosion tests were performed on EN AW-6016 sheet material, an ISO 11846:1995-based test with varying solution amounts and acid concentrations, and a standard test of an automotive company (PV1113, VW-Audi). The average intergranular corrosion depth was determined via optical microscopy. The differences in the intergranular corrosion depths were then discussed with regard to the applicability and quality of the two different test methods. The influence of varying test parameters for ISO 11846:1995 was discussed as well. The determined IGC depths were found to be strongly dependent on the testing parameters, which will therefore have a pronounced influence on the determined IGC susceptibility of a material. In general, ISO 11846:1995 tests resulted in a significantly lower corrosion speed, and the corrosive attack was found to be primarily along grain boundaries.

scholarly journals Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis and Antimicrobial Effect on Fibrous Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Behnaz Mehravani ◽  
Ana Isabel Ribeiro ◽  
Andrea Zille
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Barrier Material ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Antimicrobial Materials

Depositing nanoparticles in textiles have been a promising strategy to achieve multifunctional materials. Particularly, antimicrobial properties are highly valuable due to the emergence of new pathogens and the spread of existing ones. Several methods have been used to functionalize textile materials with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Therefore, this review highlighted the most used methods for AuNPs preparation and the current studies on the topic in order to obtain AuNPs with suitable properties for antimicrobial applications and minimize the environmental concerns in their production. Reporting the detailed information on the functionalization of fabrics, yarns, and fibers with AuNPs by different methods to improve the antimicrobial properties was the central objective. The studies combining AuNPs and textile materials have opened valuable opportunities to develop antimicrobial materials for health and hygiene products, as infection control and barrier material, with improved properties. Future studies are needed to amplify the antimicrobial effect of AuNPs onto textiles and minimize the concerns related to the synthesis.

Serviceability Assessment of a Printed Finish on T-Shirts

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Reannan Riedy ◽  
Meredith McQuerry
Keyword(s):  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Agricultural Worker ◽  
Soil Release ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Typical Consumer ◽  
Change Material

To improve the comfort of agricultural workers, a T-shirt with a printed active cooling finish was evaluated to determine if it would meet the wash life durability and performance expectations of such an arduous application. Six shirts with a printed phase change material (PCM) finish and six shirts without (control) were washed 50 times to replicate a typical consumer wash life. Shirts were evaluated for absorbency, dimensional change, colorfastness, crocking, abrasion resistance, soil release, and smoothness retention according to AATCC and ASTM standard test methods. Testing was conducted before laundering and after 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 consumer laundry (CL) cycles. Absorbency and dimensional change were significantly influenced by the PCM finish. Results demonstrate the appropriateness of adopting such a finish technology for agricultural worker clothing applications.

Development of standard test methods for unmanned and manned industrial vehicles used near humans

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bostelman ◽  
Richard Norcross ◽  
Joe Falco ◽  
Jeremy Marvel
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test

scholarly journals Derived Interaction Parameters for the TSAI-WU Tensor Polynomial Theory of Strength for Composite Materials

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. DeTeresa ◽  
Gregory J. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Strength Criterion ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Transverse Compression ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Carbon Fiber Composite ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stability Limits

Abstract It is shown that the two interactive strength parameters in the Tsai-Wu tensor polynomial strength criterion for fiber composites can be derived in terms of the uniaxial or non-interacting strength parameters if the composite does not fail under practical levels of hydrostatic pressure or equal transverse compression. Thus the required number of parameters is reduced from seven to five and all five of the remaining strength terms are easily determined using standard test methods. The derived interactive parameters fall within the stability limits of the theory, yet they lead to open failure surfaces in the compressive stress quadrant. The assumptions used to derive the interactive parameters were supported by measurements for the effect of hydrostatic pressure and unequal transverse compression on the behavior of a typical carbon fiber composite.

scholarly journals The synergistic effect of borax and chlorinated paraffin as flame – retardants for epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Polyester Resins ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resins ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffin

In this investigation , borax (B) (additive I) and chlorinated paraffin (CP.) (additive II) ,were used as flame retardants for each of epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins in the weight ratios of 2,4,6, & 8% by preparing films of (130×130×3) mm dimensions. Also films of these resins with a mixture of [50%(B.)+50%(CP.)] (additive III) in the same weight ratios were prepared in order to study the synergistic effect of these additives on the flammability of the two resins . Three standard test methods were used to measure the flame retardation which are : 1-ASTM : D-2863 2-ASTM : D-635 3-ASTM : D-3014 The results obtained from these tests indicated that the additives (B),(CP.) and their mixture , gave a good effect as flame retardants for each epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins , but their synergistic effect was more effective than each of them alone. Finally , the compatibility between the additives and resins (which showed a clear effect on retardation) was also studied .

scholarly journals Analisis Pengaruh Temperatur Pemanasan Terhadap Sifat Fisis Sinter Silika dan Tipe Fluida (Air) pada Mata Air Panas Sapan Maluluang, Kecamatan Alam Pauh Duo, Kabupaten Solok Selatan

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tania Dian Putri ◽  
Ardian Putra
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Laboratory Determination

Telah dilakukan analisis sifat fisis sinter silika dan tipe fluida pada mata air panas Sapan Maluluang Kecamatan Alam Pauh Duo, Solok Selatan. Sifat fisis yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini yaitu densitas dengan menggunakan hukum Archimedes, porositas dengan menggunakan standar ASTM D7263-09 (Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density of Soil Specimens), dan resistivitas dengan metode Probe Dua Elektroda. Nilai densitas, porositas dan resistivitas sinter silika pada temperatur 31oC dalam pengukuran ini adalah 1,206 g/cm3, 15,8 %, dan 7,195 Ωm. Pengaruh temperatur terhadap sifat fisis sinter silika juga dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan pengukuran, peningkatan temperatur dari 175 oC hingga 300 oC mengakibatkan nilai densitas turun dari 1,112 g/cm3 menjadi 0,983 g/cm3, sedangkan nilai porositas sinter silika naik dari 33,3 % menjadi 53,3 %. Nilai resistivitas sinter silika juga mengalami peningkatan dari 23,035 Ωm menjadi 57,201 Ωm. Terdapat hubungan nilai faktor resistivitas dengan porositas yaitu bertambahnya pori-pori sinter silika mengakibatkan nilai faktor resistivitas mengecil. Hubungan nilai faktor resistivitas dan porositas sinter silika menghasilkan nilai sementasi dan tortuositas sinter silika. Meningkatnya temperatur sinter silika dari 175 oC hingga 300 oC menyebabkan nilai tortuositas meningkat dari 6,92 menjadi 48,89 dan sementasi mengecil dari 1,67 menjadi 1,08. Penentuan tipe fluida mata air panas, menggunakan kandungan sulfat, klorida dan bikarbonat yang terdapat pada air panas. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengujian kandungan sulfat yaitu Spektrofotometri, sedangkan kandungan klorida dan bikarbonat diuji dengan metode Argentometri cara Mohr dan metode titrasi asam basa. Berdasarkan pengolahan data menggunakan diagram trilinier, mata air panas Sapan Maluluang termasuk kedalam tipe air panas klorida karena kandungan klorida merupakan kandungan yang paling dominan yaitu mencapai 97,560 mg/L, sedangkan kandungan sulfat dan bikarbonat mencapai 21,333 mg/L dan 23,730 mg/L. Kata kunci : densitas, porositas, resistivitas, sinter silika, tipe air panas

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