scholarly journals A Review on Management of Amblyopia

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-217
Author(s):  
Khushboo Kolhe ◽  
Sachin Diaghvane
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Neutral Density Filter ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Clear Vision ◽  
Density Filter ◽  
Lazy Eye

Amblyopia is a visual cortex neurodevelopmental condition cause am vision abnormalities during childhood. It is one of the most typical causes of vision loss at an early age. It occurs due to abnormal development of the visual cortex. The part receiving signals from the diseased eye does not receive it correctly and thus develops abnormally. This abnormal development during the critical period of growth of child results in brain damage. Depending on its aetiology the  types of amblyopia are Strabismic amblyopia, Visual deprivation amblyopia, Anisometric, Ametropic, Meridional, Toxic amblyopia. Clinical features are visual acuity is reduced, the effect of neutral density filter, the Crowding phenomenon is present. Complications of amblyopia include a Lazy eye becoming weak permanently, the eye may move out from the visual axis (squints). When treating amblyopia, our goal is that the eyes will work together in unison at an equal level; this will create a clear vision in the lazy eye. Amblyopia is treated in various ways depending on the seriousness of the disease and the patient's age. Patching of the non-amblyopic eye, as well as treatment with drugs like atropine, are common treatments. Vision therapy and some modifications to spectacles and contact lenses have been discovered to be effective in treating amblyopia in recent years. Modern Treatment- Falling Blocks, Occlu-pad. With current breakthroughs in amblyopia therapy, the success rate of a multimodal strategy is also improving. The purpose of this review article is to present information on the management of amblyopia. Literature on AMBLYOPIA MANAGEMENT has been taken from PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and other internet resources.

Genetic instructions and developmental plasticity in the kitten’s visual cortex

1977 ◽  
Vol 278 (961) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Neutral Density Filter ◽  
Density Filter ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
Genetic Instructions

Two major properties of neurons in the kitten’s visual cortex, binocularity and orientation selectivity, are present when the eyes first open, and therefore can be established by genetic instructions alone. However, both of these attributes require visual experience for their maintenance or strengthening; and both can be rapidly modified by unusual kinds of experience. Alternating sequences of cells dominated by one eye, then the other, can be recorded during penetrations through the cortex in binocularly deprived kittens, typical of the ‘ocular dominance columns’ of the normal adult cat. However, if one eye is deprived by lid-suture, the entire visual cortex becomes strongly dominated by the open eye. Experiments in which each eye saw separately through a transparent neutral density filter or a translucent diffuser showed that this phenomenon is caused not by the reduction in retinal illumination, but by the abolition of contrast in the deprived eye. A study of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the visual cortex to the principal laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus suggested that monocular deprivation from early in life may lead to a gross reduction in the distribution of afferent fibres from the deprived laminae. Previous experiments have found that if a kitten is exposed only to contours of one orientation, its cortical neurons become modified in their distribution of preferred orientations. This phenomenon was re-confirmed in a new study using a rigorously objective method of analysis.

scholarly journals Nanogel-Facilitated In-Situ Delivery of a Cataract Inhibitor

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Dixa Gautam ◽  
Michelle G. Pedler ◽  
Devatha P. Nair ◽  
Jonathan Mark Petrash
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Lens Capsule ◽  
Posterior Capsular Opacification ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Visual Disability ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Subsequent Degradation

Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Surgical removal of cataracts is a safe and effective procedure to restore vision. However, a large number of patients later develop vision loss due to regrowth of lens cells and subsequent degradation of the visual axis leading to visual disability. This postsurgical complication, known as posterior capsular opacification (PCO), occurs in up to 30% of cataract patients and has no clinically proven pharmacological means of prevention. Despite the availability of many compounds capable of preventing early steps in PCO development, there is currently no effective means to deliver such therapies into the eye for a suitable duration. To model a solution to this unmet medical need, we fabricated acrylic substrates as intraocular lens (IOL) mimics scaled to place into the capsular bag of the mouse lens following a mock-cataract surgery. Substrates were coated with a hydrophilic crosslinked acrylate nanogel designed to elute Sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor previously shown to suppress PCO. Insertion of the Sorbinil-eluting device into the lens capsule at the time of cataract surgery resulted in substantial prevention of cellular changes associated with PCO development. This model demonstrates that a cataract inhibitor can be delivered into the postsurgical lens capsule at therapeutic levels.

scholarly journals Visual Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Exploratory Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Angelito Braulio F. de Venecia ◽  
Shane M. Fresnoza
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Sham Stimulation ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Residual Vision ◽  
Cathodal Tdcs

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a severe complication of diabetes. PDR-related retinal hemorrhages often lead to severe vision loss. The main goals of management are to prevent visual impairment progression and improve residual vision. We explored the potential of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance residual vision. tDCS applied to the primary visual cortex (V1) may improve visual input processing from PDR patients’ retinas. Eleven PDR patients received cathodal tDCS stimulation of V1 (1 mA for 10 min), and another eleven patients received sham stimulation (1 mA for 30 s). Visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) scores) and number acuity (reaction times (RTs) and accuracy rates (ARs)) were measured before and immediately after stimulation. The LogMAR scores and the RTs of patients who received cathodal tDCS decreased significantly after stimulation. Cathodal tDCS has no significant effect on ARs. There were no significant changes in the LogMAR scores, RTs, and ARs of PDR patients who received sham stimulation. The results are compatible with our proposal that neuronal noise aggravates impaired visual function in PDR. The therapeutic effect indicates the potential of tDCS as a safe and effective vision rehabilitation tool for PDR patients.

A novel consistent photomicrography technique using a reference slide made of neutral density filter

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Yeob Kim ◽  
Ji Woong Kim ◽  
Soo Hong Seo ◽  
Young Chul Kye ◽  
Hyo Hyun Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Density ◽  
Neutral Density Filter ◽  
Density Filter

Reversible antibiotic loading and pH-responsive release from polymer brushes on contact lenses for therapy and prevention of corneal infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (44) ◽  
pp. 10087-10092
Author(s):  
Yishun Guo ◽  
Siyuan Qian ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Jiahong Zeng ◽  
Renjie Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Brushes ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Ph Responsive ◽  
Corneal Infection ◽  
Corneal Damage

Corneal infection is an important cause of corneal damage and vision loss.

scholarly journals Transient and localized optogenetic activation of somatostatin-interneurons in mouse visual cortex abolishes long-term cortical plasticity due to vision loss

2018 ◽  
Vol 223 (5) ◽  
pp. 2073-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Scheyltjens ◽  
Samme Vreysen ◽  
Chris Van den Haute ◽  
Victor Sabanov ◽  
Detlef Balschun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

Influence of Peripheral on Central Stereopsis: An Induced Depth Tilt Effect

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 276-276
Author(s):  
S Müller ◽  
E R Wist
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Neutral Density ◽  
Neutral Density Filter ◽  
Disk Rotation ◽  
Optimal Rotation ◽  
Density Filter ◽  
Pulfrich Effect ◽  
Variable Errors ◽  
Tilted Disk

A large rotating black/white sectored disk (58 deg diameter) viewed with a neutral density filter over one eye is perceived as tilted in depth according to the Pulfrich phenomenon. But with fixation on a centrally located vertical bar (7 deg in length), the disk is perceived as vertical while the central bar is perceived as tilted in the opposite direction. This effect remains even if the central 38 deg portion of the disk is occluded leaving a peripheral annulus 10 deg in width. At an optimal rotation speed of 45° s−1 and a filter of 2 log units, the inter-individual perceived tilt of the bar ranges between 5° and 10° as measured by nulling out the illusory tilt by adjustment with a joystick. Variable errors were extremely small and corresponded well with central stereoscopic resolution. The amount of illusory tilt depends on the speed of disk rotation and filter density, and its direction on the relation between the direction of motion and the filter-covered eye. The effect is not limited to Pulfrich-induced stereotilt: When the disk was stationary but physically tilted in depth, the induced tilt on the central bar corresponded to about 50% of the physical tilt. This effect, in turn, could be cancelled or enhanced by rotating the tilted disk and inducing an appropriate Pulfrich effect. With monocular viewing no induced depth tilt occurs. The results are interpreted in terms of a stereoscopic induced effect operating beyond the known peripheral limits of stereopsis.

Abnormal development of serotonin nerve fibers in the visual cortex in rats with methylazoxymethanol-induced microcephaly

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Funahashi ◽  
Mineko Fujimiya ◽  
Hiroshi Kimura ◽  
Toshihiro Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Abnormal Development
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