scholarly journals NUMERICAL MODELLING METHODOLOGY FOR TSUNAMI FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT IN URBAN AREAS

2017 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Benjamin Carrion ◽  
Luis Burgos ◽  
Carlos Rozas
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Inherent Risk ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Modelling Methodology ◽  
Numerical Tools ◽  
The City ◽  
Numerical Domain

Several recent tsunami events worldwide have increased the general public´s awareness of the inherent risk many coastal communities face. Accordingly, academics and professionals have sought to acquire a better understanding of the underlying physical processes involved, and have developed increasingly sophisticated numerical tools to simulate them. One important characteristic of the tsunami flood tragedies that must be acknowledged is that they occur in urban areas, where the built environment is likely to determine the flow, and hence, the flood risk. Despite this fact, relatively little literature covers the particular challenges of modelling the hydrodynamic interactions of the tsunami flood and the buildings and infrastructure. In this work we propose the indirect inclusion of the built environment's effect by actually excluding every building from the numerical domain, enclosing them in an internal reflective boundary condition. The objective is two-fold: it allows a reasonable inclusion of the flow funneling, and it reduces the number of cells in the numerical domain, allowing the use of a higher grid resolution in the expected wet domain, and to achieve shorter simulation runtimes. The methodology was validated against measurements of flow depth, velocity, and momentum on a scale model of the city of Seaside, Oregon. The model and methodology were subsequently used to produce flood depth and velocity maps for 11 coastal cities in Chile, caused by the likely maximum mega-thrust earthquake for each of them.

scholarly journals Flood Risk Index for Land-Use Changes: Case Study of Pakpanang River Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Chonlatid Kittikhun ◽  
Sitang Pilailar ◽  
Suwatana Chittaladakorn ◽  
Eakawat Jhonpadit
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Arc Gis

Flood Risk Index (FRI) is the multi-criteria linked with the factors of vulnerability; exposure, susceptibility, and resilience. In order to establish local FRI, crucial local information have to be accumulated. However, under the limitation of land-use data, particular techniques were applied in this study. CA Markov model was used to analyze the past missing land-use data and, also forecast the future land-use of Pakpanang river basin under conditions of plan and without plan. The ratio changes of forest, agriculture, wetland and water, and urban areas were considered. Then, the result of LULC spatial-temporal changes was then applied to Hec-HMS and Hec-Ras , with Arc GIS extension of Hec-GeoHMS and Hec-GeoRas software, in order to evaluate the flood hydrographs and flood severity in three municipalities corresponding to 100-year return period rainfall. Afterward, the FRI of Pakpanang, Chianyai, and Hua-sai, which ranges from 0 to 1, were evaluated by using the modified FRI equations. It was found that sensitivity analysis in the area of forest on flood depth and inundation areas is incoherent. Nevertheless, without land-use planning, the changes in these three cities cause higher flood risk, where Chianyai is the riskiest as the FRIE is 0.58. Further consideration of FRIE and FRIP proportion that reveals the FRI deviation indicates that to reduce flood risk, Chianyai would need the most resources and highest effort comparison to Pakpanang and Hua-sai.

scholarly journals Identificação e mapeamento das áreas de risco no município de Itajaí- SC a partir das inundações ocorridas em 2011 (Identification and mapping of the flood risk areas in the city of Itajaí-SC based on the 2011 floods)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1895
Author(s):  
André Jesus Periçato ◽  
Valdeir Demétrio da Silva ◽  
Francieli Sant'ana Marcatto
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Risk Map ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
High Flood ◽  
The City

A ocorrência de inundações em áreas urbanas tem se intensificado nos últimos anos, ocasionando diversos danos e prejuízos para a sociedade. O intenso crescimento das cidades nas últimas décadas, assim como a ocupação irregular do espaço urbano com moradias precárias e próximas aos rios, são fatores determinantes para que ocorram essas situações de catástrofes. O objetivo deste trabalho é mapear e identificar as áreas de inundação em setembro de 2011 no município de Itajaí para a confecção do mapa de risco. Para isso foi realizado uma análise histórica do crescimento da malha urbana de Itajaí, correlacionando com as manchas de inundação. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a inundação ocorrida em 2011 atingiu parte significativa da área do município, com destaque ao perímetro urbano. Os pontos mais críticos de inundação foram às áreas onde houve o crescimento urbano, com destaque as proximidades do rio Itajaí-Mirim. Foi possível analisar por meio do mapa de risco, que grande parte da cidade de Itajaí foi classificada com um alto índice de risco a inundação. Deste modo, pode-se concluir que o mapeamento das áreas de risco configura-se como uma importante ferramenta e instrumento no controle e prevenção à inundação em áreas afetadas por esse fenômeno.   A B S T R A C T The occurrence of floods in urban areas has intensified in the recent years, causing many kinds od damage and loss for society. The intense growth of the cities in the past few decades, along with the irregular occupation of urban space with precarious settlements close to the rivers, were determining factors for these catastrophic situations to occur. The objective of this study is mapping and identifying the flooding areas in September 2011 in the city of Itajaí for the confection of a risk map. For this a historical analysis of the growth of the Itajaí urban area was realized, correlating with the flood spots. The obtained results reveal that the 2011 floods affected a significant portion of the city’s area, especially the urban perimeter. The most critical flood spots were in the areas where urban growth took place, especially nearby the Itajaí-Mirim river. By analizing the map, it’s noted that a big part of the city of Itajaí is classified as a high flood risk area. It can be concluded that the mapping of risk areas is an important tool and instrument in the control and prevention of floods in the areas affected by this phenomenon. Keywords: urban flooding, geotechnology, flood risk map.   

scholarly journals ALBIS: integrated system for risk-based surveillance of invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan P. Antonovic ◽  
Massimiliano Cannata ◽  
Andrea Danani ◽  
Lukas Engeler ◽  
Eleonora Flacio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Catch Basins ◽  
The City

According to predictions bases on a climate-driven large-scale model the areas surrounding Lake Léman and, to some extent, the Swiss Plateau are suitable for the spread of Ae. albopictus North of the Alps, while other areas in Switzerland (e.g., the city of Zürich) seem currently too cold in winter for the survival of eggs. However, this model does not take into account particular micro-climate conditions in urban areas where the specie thrives. Climate conditions in urban micro-habitats (in particular catch basins) increase the probability of the survival of diapausing eggs in the winter season favoring the colonization of new cities that were thought to be too cold for the survival of the eggs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for appropriate monitoring tools and risk-based surveillance of Ae. albopictus populations. In 2018 a multidisciplinary group of researchers from the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) has joined launching the project ALBIS (Albopictus Integrated System). The designed system focuses on the monitoring of urban catch basins, primarily on micro-climate environmental sensing, data transmission, data acquisition and data dissemination. The gathered data are the input for an empirical machine learning model for the prediction of spatial and temporal distribution of the Ae. albopictus. The first real time monitoring tests are in progress in the pilot area in the city of Lugano in the Canton Ticino. Fully functional prototypes have been engineered by the Institute of Earth Science in collaboration with a local electronics manufacturer (TECinvent) combined with the Open Source istSOS OGC Sensor Observation Service software for data acquisition and dissemination, and in the first tests cases have demonstrated good quality in terms of energy efficiency, data quality and data transmission reliability. The first results demonstrated that temperature in catch basins can be different from outside temperature that is detected by traditional terrain measures: in February 2018 during a period of cold air temperature in Canton Ticino of down to -8°C, the prototype sensor monitoring the catch basins' wall surface shows temperatures up to 6°C higher. Considering that one of the Ae. albopictus establishment thresholds is to have a mean January temperature of >0°C to allow egg overwintering, taking into account this micro-climate environments could lead to more realistic predictions.

Deriving fluvial and pluvial flood risk curves using large ensemble climate simulation data with a fast 2-D flood model: A case study in Nagoya City, Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Tanaka ◽  
Keiko Kiyohara ◽  
Yasuto Tachikawa
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Large Ensemble ◽  
Flood Model ◽  
Pluvial Flooding ◽  
The City ◽  
Risk Curves

<p>Against flood disasters to be intensified in a future climate, we are required to implement adaptation strategies on a limited budget. In urban areas, heavy rainfall-based floods are classified into two types: pluvial and fluvial floods. It is well known that fluvial floods cause deeper inundation and stronger fluid force while pluvial ones occur more frequently. Such hydrodynamic characteristics have been intensively discussed in a literature; however, their impact and the resulting damage have not yet been examined in a comprehensive manner due to small samples of storm events in one region that leads to high uncertainty in frequency analysis. In the context of climate change impact assessment on extreme events, considerable ensembles of climate data have become available, contributing to smaller uncertainty in frequency analysis of flood damages. This study presents a case study of frequency estimation of fluvial and pluvial floods in an urban area set in Nagoya City, Japan. We applied a large ensemble climate simulation database, d4PDF, to a combined pluvial and fluvial flood model, from which we derived flood risk curves for each type of flooding. The results indicated that pluvial flooding presents comparable economic risk to fluvial flooding (16% and 17% lesser damage at 50- and 100-year return periods, respectively) despite its significantly shallower flood depths (area with flood depth over 45 cm was only 10.5% and 5.4%, respectively). This is because pluvial floods widely occur over the city, including areas further away from the river. Furthermore, probably similar with other mega cities with long history, fluvial flood risk has been managed by settling the central economic district (originally the Nagoya Castle founded several centuries ago) on higher altitudes. The results suggest that pluvial flooding could have comparable economic risks to fluvial flooding in urban areas where major economic assets are widely sprawled over the city as well as historical countermeasures are implemented against fluvial flooding. Pluvial floods, countermeasures against which tend to be smaller than fluvial floods, should be managed at a comparable level in urban areas.</p>

scholarly journals ALBIS: integrated system for risk-based surveillance of invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan P. Antonovic ◽  
Massimliano Cannata ◽  
Andrea Danani ◽  
Lukas Engeler ◽  
Eleonora Flacio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Catch Basins ◽  
The City

According to predictions bases on a climate-driven large-scale model the areas surrounding Lake Léman and, to some extent, the Swiss Plateau are suitable for the spread of Ae. albopictus North of the Alps, while other areas in Switzerland (e.g., the city of Zürich) seem currently too cold in winter for the survival of eggs. However, this model does not take into account particular micro-climate conditions in urban areas where the specie thrives. Climate conditions in urban micro-habitats (in particular catch basins) increase the probability of the survival of diapausing eggs in the winter season favoring the colonization of new cities that were thought to be too cold for the survival of the eggs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for appropriate monitoring tools and risk-based surveillance of Ae. albopictus populations. In 2018 a multidisciplinary group of researchers from the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) has joined launching the project ALBIS (Albopictus Integrated System). The designed system focuses on the monitoring of urban catch basins, primarily on micro-climate environmental sensing, data transmission, data acquisition and data dissemination. The gathered data are the input for an empirical machine learning model for the prediction of spatial and temporal distribution of the Ae. albopictus. The first real time monitoring tests are in progress in the pilot area in the city of Lugano in the Canton Ticino. Fully functional prototypes have been engineered by the Institute of Earth Science in collaboration with a local electronics manufacturer (TECinvent) combined with the Open Source istSOS OGC Sensor Observation Service software for data acquisition and dissemination, and in the first tests cases have demonstrated good quality in terms of energy efficiency, data quality and data transmission reliability. The first results demonstrated that temperature in catch basins can be different from outside temperature that is detected by traditional terrain measures: in February 2018 during a period of cold air temperature in Canton Ticino of down to -8°C, the prototype sensor monitoring the catch basins' wall surface shows temperatures up to 6°C higher. Considering that one of the Ae. albopictus establishment thresholds is to have a mean January temperature of >0°C to allow egg overwintering, taking into account this micro-climate environments could lead to more realistic predictions.

scholarly journals A Framework for Risk-Based Assessment of Urban Floods in Coastal Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Shubham Tandon ◽  
Nitin Bassi ◽  
Pradipta Kumar Mohanty ◽  
Saurabh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Urban Floods ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Flood Risk

Abstract Many coastal cities in developing countries are at the risk of flooding due to a progressive increase in the built-up areas and poor management of stormwater. The flooding situation in coastal cities gets accentuated further due to climate induced natural disasters such as cyclones and climate change induced sea-level rise that adversely impact the city’s natural drainage potential. This study developed a composite urban flood risk index consisting of three sub-indices and 20 key natural, physical, social, and economic influencing variables for a coastal city (i.e. Cuttack) in eastern India, the intensity of storm runoff being one among the many. The intensity-duration-frequency curve developed shows that the city can experience floods with a peak discharge of 1,320 cubic metre per second every alternate year for a rainfall intensity of 2-hour duration. The urban flood risk index computed for all the city wards shows that out of the 59 wards, only one ward has low flood risk (index value < 0.40) and 20 wards are at high risk (index value 0.55 and above) from the urban flood. Thereafter, factors leading to high risk due to urban floods were identified and the institutional capacities available with the urban utility for fighting floods analyzed.

Urbanization of fauna on the example of marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. P. Korzh ◽  
T. V. Zahovalko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Corrective Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, the number of published works devoted to the processes of synanthropization of fauna, is growing like an avalanche, which indicates the extreme urgency of this theme. In our view, the process of forming devices to coexist with human and the results of his life reflects the general tandency of the modern nature evolution. Urbanization is characteristic for such a specific group of animals like amphibians, the evidence of which are numerous literature data. Many researchers use this group to assess the bioindicative quality of the environment. For this aim a variety of indicators are used: from the cellular level of life of organization up to the species composition of the group in different territories. At the same time, the interpretation of the results is not always comparable for different areas and often have significantly different interpretations by experts. Urban environment, primarily due to the contamination is extremely aggressive to amphibians. As a consequence, the urban populations of amphibians may be a change in the demographic structure, affecting the reproductive ability of the population, the disappearance of the most sensitive species or individuals, resizing animals, the appearance of abnormalities in the development, etc. At the same time play an important amphibians in the ecosystems of cities, and some species in these conditions even feel relatively comfortable. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms of self-sustaining populations of amphibians in urban environments. To assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the development of amphibian populations were used cognitive modeling using the program Vensim PLE. Cognitive map of the model for urban and suburban habitat conditions were the same. The differences concerned the strength of connections between individual factors (migration, fertility, pollution) and their orientation. In general, factors like pollution, parasites, predators had negative impact on the population, reducing its number. The birth rate, food and migration contributed to raising number of individuals. Some of the factors affected on the strength to of each other as well: the majority of the factors affected the structure of the population, had an influence on the fertility. Thanks to it the model reflects the additive effect of complex of factors on the subsequent status of the population. Proposed and analyzed four scenarios differing strength and duration of exposure. In the first scenario, a one-time contamination occurs and not subsequently repeated. The second and third scenario assumes half board contamination, 1 year (2 scenario) and two years (scenario 3). In the fourth scenario, the pollution affected the population of amphibians constantly. In accordance with the results of simulation, much weaker than the natural populations respond to pollution - have them as an intensive population growth and its disappearance at constant pollution is slow. Changes to other parameters of the model showed that this pollution is the decisive factor -only the constant action leads to a lethal outcome for the populations. All other components of the model have a corrective effect on the population dynamics, without changing its underlying trand. In urban areas due to the heavy impact of pollution maintaining the population is only possible thanks to the migration process – the constant replenishment of diminishing micropopulations of natural reserves. This confirms the assumption that the form of existence metapopulations lake frog in the city. In order to maintain the number of amphibians in urban areas at a high level it is necessary to maintain existing migration routes and the creation of new ones. Insular nature of the placement of suitable habitats in urban areas causes the metapopulation structure of the types of urbanists. Therefore, the process of urbanization is much easier for those species whicht are capable of migration in conditions of city. In the initial stages of settling the city micropopulationis formed by selective mortality of the most susceptible individuals to adverse effects. In future, maintaining the categories of individuals is provided mainly due to migration processes metapopulisation form of the species of existence is supported). It should be noted that the changes in the previous levels are always saved in future. In the case of reorganizations of individuals we of morphology can assume the existence of extremely adverse environmental conditions that threaten the extinction of the micropopulations. 

Epizootological features of demodicosis in homeless animals in the city of Tyumen ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕМОДЕКОЗА У БЕЗДОМНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ В ГОРОДЕ ТЮМЕНИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
The City

Широкое распространение безнадзорных животных на территории городов несет за собой потенциальную угрозу распространения зооантропонозных заболеваний, одним из которых является демодекоз. Невозможно разработать мероприятия, направленные на борьбу с заболеванием и его профилактику, без анализа данных особенностей возникновения и распространения инвазии среди всей популяции восприимчивых животных. Поэтому целью нашей работы явилось изучение распространения демодекоза среди безнадзорных собак и кошек в городе Тюмени. В задачи исследования входило изучение распространения демодекоза и его клинического проявления среди бездомных собак и кошек в условиях города Тюмени и определение сезонной динамики заболевания. Работу выполняли в 2016-2018 гг. на базе кафедры анатомии и физиологии ФГБОУ ВО ГАУ Северного Зауралья, в лаборатории акарологии ВНИИВЭА – филиала ТюмНЦ СО РАН, а также в производственных условиях на базе пункта временного содержания безнадзорных домашних животных МКУ «ЛесПаркХоз». Демодекозная инвазия распространена среди бездомных кошек и собак. Наиболее часто демодекоз встречается у собак, экстенсивность инвазии от 0,65 до 0,72%. Заболевание демодекозом у бездомных собак регистрировали на протяжении всего года, но 54,6% больных собак поступали в апреле и мае. Большинство больных демодекозом – это молодые собаки в возрасте от 1,5 месяцев до 2-х лет – 75,76%, животные старше двух лет гораздо реже страдали от демодекоза – 24,24%. Генерализацию демодекоза регистрировали у 21 собаки (63,64%), а локализованные очаги – у 12 собак (36,36%). Наиболее распространенной формой проявления демодекоза у бездомных собак является пустулезная, или пиодемодекоз. Данная форма заболевания была отмечена у 16 собак (48,49%), чешуйчатая форма отмечалась у 10 собак (30,30%), а смешанная – у 7 собак (21,21%). The widespread use of stray animals in urban areas carries with it the potential threat of the spread of zooanthroponotic diseases, one of which is demodicosis. It is impossible to develop measures aimed at combating the disease and its prevention without analyzing the data on the characteristics of the occurrence and spread of invasion among the entire population of susceptible animals. Therefore, the purpose of our work was to study the distribution of demodicosis among street dogs and cats in the city of Tyumen. The objectives of the study included the study of the spread of demodicosis and its clinical manifestation among stray dogs and cats in the conditions of the city of Tyumen and the determination of the seasonal dynamics of the disease. Demodectic invasion is common among stray cats and dogs. Most often, demodicosis occurs in dogs, with extensive invasion from 0.65 to 0.72%. Demodecosis in stray dogs was recorded throughout the year, but 54.6% of sick dogs were reported in April and May. The majority of patients with demodicosis are young dogs between the ages of 1.5 months and 2 years old - 75.76%, animals older than two years suffer less from demodicosis, only 24.24%. Generalization of demodicosis was recorded in 21 dogs (63.64%), and localized foci in 12 dogs (36.36%). The most common form of demodicosis in stray dogs is pustular or pyodemodecosis. This form of the disease was observed in 16 dogs (48.49%), scaly form, was observed in 10 dogs (30.30%), and mixed in 7 dogs (21.21%).

PHYTOMONITORING AS A METOD OF THE ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY URBAN ENVIRONMENT BY FINE DUST

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Irina Glinyanova ◽  
Valery Azarov ◽  
Valery Fomichev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Random Functions ◽  
The City

Fine dust: (PM2.5, PM10) is a priority pollutant that contributes to the development of numerous dis-eases in urban areas. The purpose of this scientific work is to study the dispersed composition of dust parti-cles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone of Volgograd. The novelty of the work lies in the study of the dispersed composition of dust particles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone in the city of Volgograd near the construction industry enterprise, me-chanical engineering, leather production and railway transport line in comparison with the conditionally clean (control) zone of the SNT “Orocenets” ”(Sovetsky District, Volgograd) from the standpoint of random functions expressed by integral distribution curves of the mass of particles over their equivalent diameters. As a result of the research, the dispersed composition of dust on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus ar-meníaca) in the residential area of Volgograd was revealed. Fine particles were found: PM2.5, PM10 in each of the studied points, which by their values, both in their number and mass fraction, significantly exceed the data on fine dust in a conditionally clean area (control) in the SNT “Oroshanets” (Sovetsky district Volgo-grad), which creates certain environmental risks for local residents. The dispersed analysis of particles from the standpoint of random functions in the future will allow with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy to pre-dict the dust content of urban atmospheric air in the range of monthly and / or seasonal average values compared to the traditional measurement of fine dust concentration in atmospheric air of the urban environ-ment as the maximum single or daily average. At the same time, further studies of dust on the leaves of plants in an urban environment, namely, the study of the density of its sedimentation, will also reveal a group of ur-ban plants that are best suited to retain PM2.5 and PM10 on leaf plates in this region, which can significantly increase the quality of the atmospheric air of the urban environment and be of a recommendatory nature for the state-owned landscaping services of the city of Volgograd when improving the green areas of a megacity.

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