scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Catalytic Performance of a 13X Zeolite and its Dealuminated Derivative for Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-772
Author(s):  
Balqees A. Alshahidy ◽  
Ammar S. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
13X Zeolite ◽  
Esterification Reactions

Natural kaolin clay was used to successfully prepare 13X zeolite catalysts, which were modified by dealumination with citric acid. Acid leaching eliminates impurities and aluminum, and improves the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite framework. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of both the original and modified 13X zeolites were the same, indicating that the crystalline frameworks were not destroyed during the dealumination process. X-ray fluorescence data of the dealuminated 13X zeolite showed an improved Si/Al ratio. Also, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used for the characterization of the catalysts. The catalytic performance of the original and modified catalysts was tested in the esterification reaction of oleic acid in a batch reactor. A higher conversion of oleic acid was obtained using the modified 13X zeolite. The resulting experimental data from the esterification reactions were fitted to the heterogeneous Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) kinetic model to determine the rates of reaction. The results of the reaction kinetics showed an increase in the rate of reaction velocity and a distinct decrease in the activation energy when using the modified zeolite, indicating that employing the modified catalyst will give a higher conversion over a shorter time through a reaction with less sensitivity to temperature. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Production of Sustainable Biochemicals by Means of Esterification Reaction and Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Rosa Vitiello ◽  
Francesco Taddeo ◽  
Vincenzo Russo ◽  
Rosa Turco ◽  
Antonio Buonerba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Resin ◽  
Styrene Divinylbenzene ◽  
Esterification Reactions

In recent years, the use of renewable raw materials for the production of chemicals has been the subject of different studies. In particular, the interest of the present study was the use of oleins, mixtures of free fatty acids (FFAs), and oleic acid to produce bio-based components for lubricants formulations and the investigation of the performance of a styrene-divinylbenzene acid resin (sPSB-SA) in the esterification reaction of fatty acids. This resin has shown good activity as a heterogeneous catalyst and high stability at elevated temperatures (180 °C). It was tested in the esterification reaction of oleic acid with 1,3-propanediol and of oleic acid with glycerol. In particular, the esterification reactions were performed in a steel stirred batch reactor and a PBR loop reactor. Tests were conducted varying the reaction conditions, such as alcohol type, temperature, reaction time, and catalysts, both homogeneous and heterogeneous ones. From the obtained results, acid resin (both in reticulated and not-reticulated form) showed high activity in esterification reaction of oleic acid with 1,3-propanediol and of oleic acid with glycerol and good resistance to the deactivation; thus, they can be considered promising candidates for future applications in continuous devices. Viscosity tests were performed, underlining the good properties of the obtained products as lubricant bases.

scholarly journals Immobilizing Ni (II)-Exchanged Heteropolyacids on Silica as Catalysts for Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Reactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Qiuyun Zhang ◽  
Dandan Lei ◽  
Qianqian Luo ◽  
Taoli Deng ◽  
Jingsong Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Structural Surface ◽  
Esterification Reactions

Biodiesel was synthesized from oleic acid using Ni (II)-exchanged heteropolyacids immobilized on silica (Ni0.5H3SiW / SiO2 ) as a solid acid catalyst. Based on detailed analyses of FT-IR, XRD, TG and SEM, the structural, surface and thermal stability of Ni0.5H3SiW / SiO2 were investigated. Obtained results demonstrated that the Keggin structure was well in the immobilization process and possess a high thermal stability. Various esterification reaction conditions and reusability of catalyst were studied. High oleic acid conversion of 81.4 % was observed at a 1:22 mole ratio (oleic acid: methanol), 3 wt. % catalyst at 70 °C for 4 h. The Ni0.5H3SiW / SiO2 catalyst was reused for several times and presented relatively stable. More interestingly, the kinetic studies revealed the esterification process was compatible with the first order model, and a lower activation energy was obtained in this catalytic system.

scholarly journals Utilization of Carbide Lime Waste as Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koguleshun Subramaniam ◽  
Sasidevan Munusamy ◽  
Fei-ling Pua ◽  
Mohd Aizat Mohd Nasir ◽  
Rohaya Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ester Group ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base Catalyst ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solid Base Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts

Calcium rich solid base catalyst was synthesized from local waste carbide lime and its catalytic performance was evaluated via biodiesel production. Carbide lime waste was used to produce CLW-I and CLW-II solid base catalyst using different preparation methods. Characterization including base strength analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were investigated. Catalytic strength was examined by deploying the solid base catalysts for transesterification reaction of palm oil. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) was used to analyze the presence of ester group in biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel conversion was calculated based on the mass of biodiesel and glycerol. The highest biodiesel conversion rate of 75.30% was achieved by CLW-I solid base catalyst at 9% loading. The good catalytic performance of carbide lime waste derived solid base catalysts proves that it has high potential to replace the usage of conventional catalyst in the biodiesel industry.

scholarly journals A sustainable process for biodiesel production using Zn/Mg oxidic species as active, selective and reusable heterogeneous catalysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa B. Navas ◽  
José F. Ruggera ◽  
Ileana D. Lick ◽  
Mónica L. Casella
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Mesoporous Solids

AbstractThis paper describes the preparation and characterization of MgO and ZnO-based catalysts, pure and mixed in different proportions, supported on γ-Al2O3. Their catalytic performance was studied in the transesterification of soybean oil and castor oil with methanol and butanol, attempting to produce biodiesel. XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM–EDS (scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), CO2-adsorption and N2-adsorption allowed characterizing the prepared catalysts. The characterization results were in all cases consistent with mesoporous solids with high specific surface area. All the catalysts exhibited good results, especially in the transesterification of castor oil using butanol. For this reaction, the reuse was tested, maintaining high FABE (fatty acid butyl esters) yields after four cycles. This good performance can be attributed to the basic properties of the Mg species, and simultaneously, to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, which allow both triglycerides and free fatty acids to be converted into esters. Using these catalysts, it is possible to obtain second-generation biodiesel, employing castor oil, a raw material that does not compete with the food industry. In addition, butanol can be produced from renewable biomass.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽  
Fei-Ling Pua ◽  
Ee-Sann Tan
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Magnetic Catalyst ◽  
Rsm Optimization

Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as g-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 °C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

scholarly journals Cobalt Based Catalysts Supported on Two Kinds of Beta Zeolite for Application in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Sadek ◽  
Karolina A. Chalupka ◽  
Pawel Mierczynski ◽  
Jacek Rynkowski ◽  
Jacek Gurgul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Tropsch Synthesis ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Beta Zeolite ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Temperature Programmed

Co-containing Beta zeolite catalysts prepared by a wet impregnation and two-step postsynthesis method were investigated. The activity of the catalysts was examined in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), performed at 30 atm and 260 °C. The physicochemical properties of all systems were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), in situ XRD, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), temperature programmed reduction of hydrogen (TPR-H2), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Among the studied catalysts, the best results were obtained for the samples prepared by a two-step postsynthesis method, which achieved CO conversion of about 74%, and selectivity to liquid products of about 86%. The distribution of liquid products for Red-Me-Co20Beta was more diversified than for Red-Mi-Co20Beta. It was observed that significant influence of the zeolite dealumination of mesoporous zeolite on the catalytic performance in FTS. In contrast, for microporous catalysts, the dealumination did not play such a significant role and the relatively high activity is observed for both not dealuminated and dealuminated catalysts. The main liquid products of FTS on both mesoporous and microporous catalysts were C10-C14 isoalkanes and n-alkanes. The iso-/n-alkanes ratio for dealuminated zeolite catalysts was three times higher than that for not dealuminated ones, and was related to the presence of different kind of acidic sites in both zeolite catalysts.

Preparation of the F−-SO42-/MWCNTs catalyst and kinetic studies of the biodiesel production via esterification reaction of oleic acid and methanol

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 836-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Shu ◽  
Wenqiang Zou ◽  
Jiangfan He ◽  
Herry Lesmana ◽  
Caixia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Performance of Nanoferrites Subjected to the Esterification Reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Santana Silva ◽  
Joelda Dantas ◽  
J.R.D. Santos ◽  
R.B.L. Cunha ◽  
R.H.G.A. Kiminami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inverse Spinel ◽  
Agglomerate Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4and Ni0.2Cu0.3Zn0.5Fe2O4nanoferrites were synthesized, characterized and evaluated in terms of their performance as catalysts in the methyl esterification reaction of soybean oil. The nanoferrites were synthesized by combustion and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The XRD patterns show the presence of inverse spinel B(AB)2O4phase. The EDX results confirmed the stoichiometry of the nanoferrite systems, whose morphology consisted of large block-like agglomerates with a brittle aspect and a wide agglomerate size distribution. The results indicate that the Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4nanoferrite was the most active catalyst in the esterification reaction, with conversion rates ranging from 40 to 91%.

scholarly journals Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-Propanediol over Novel Cu/ZrO2 Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Luciani ◽  
Giovanna Ruoppolo ◽  
Gianluca Landi ◽  
Valentina Gargiulo ◽  
Michela Alfè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Copper Deposition ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Glycerol Hydrogenolysis

Glycerol is the main by-product of biodiesel production; its upgrading to more valuable products is a demanding issue. Hydrogenolysis to 1,2-propanediol is one of the most interesting processes among the possible upgrading routes. In this study, we propose novel copper/zirconia catalysts prepared by advanced preparation methods, including copper deposition via metal–organic framework (MOF) and support preparation via the sol–gel route. The catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, H2-TPR and NH3-TPD analyses and tested in a commercial batch reactor. The catalyst prepared by copper deposition via MOF decomposition onto commercial zirconia showed the best catalytic performance, reaching 75% yield. The improved catalytic performance was assigned to a proper combination of redox and acid properties. In particular, a non-negligible fraction of cuprous oxide and of weak acid sites seems fundamental to preferentially activate the selective pathway. In particular, these features avoid the overhydrogenolysis of 1,2-propanediol to 1-propanol and enhance glycerol dehydration to hydroxyacetone and the successive hydrogenation of hydroxyacetone to 1,2-propanediol.

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