Manganese Assisted Waterflooding Processes for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonates

Modifying the wettability of carbonate formations through divalent foreign metal incorporation can become a cost-effective practical method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. The addition of manganese ions to both high salinity water (HSW) and tailored SmartWater at dilute concentrations is exploited in this study to maximize the interfacial potential and promote water-wet conditions in carbonate reservoirs. In this experimental investigation, the impact of manganese ions on zeta-potentials at calcite/brine and crude oil/brine interfaces is first determined by measuring zeta-potentials in calcite suspensions and oil emulsions. Two different water chemistries representative of HSW (~60,000 ppm TDS) and a low salinity tailored SmartWater (~6,000 ppm TDS) were used. The measurements were then extended to carbonate rocks and reservoir cores by performing contact angle and spontaneous imbibition tests at reservoir conditions. The oil-water interfacial tensions are also measured to understand the interactions of manganese ions at the oil/brine interface. The zeta potential results showed a positive consistent trend, with the addition of 100-1,000 ppm of Mn+2 ions in the form of MnSO4 to the high salinity water, to impact the wetting transition towards water-wet conditions in carbonates. The addition of Mn+2 ions at a concentration of 100-1,000 ppm to HSW enhanced the electrokinetic interactions to favorably alter surface charges at both oil/brine and calcite/brine interfaces. These findings based on eletrokinetic interactions demonstrated good agreement with contact angle data wherein manganese ions in HSW were able to drastically decrease the contact angles from 156 to 88°. Conversely, insignificant changes in oil-water interfacial tensions were observed due to manganese ions. The manganese assisted spontaneous imbibition oil recoveries were increased by about 10% in HSW. Mn+2 ions showed the ability to increase the negative potentials at both calcite/brine and oil/brine interfaces. The obvious trend of such enhanced electrical potential due to Mn+2 addition at the calcite interface supports the claim that Mn+2 selectively gets incorporated into the calcite crystal to modify its surface chemistry. This is expected to increase the surface charges of same polarity at the two opposing interfaces and promote the electrostatic repulsion to inherently change the surface preference towards water-wet conditions. This work for the first time identified the favorable impact of incorporating Mn+2 ions under optimized conditions to enhance the wetting transition in carbonate reservoirs. Such new knowledge gained from this experimental study highlights the practical significance of Mn+2 ions as cheap and sustainable wettability modifiers for EOR applications in carbonate reservoirs.

Chasing the Critical Wetting Transition. An Effective Interface Potential Method

Wettablity is one of the important characteristics defining a given surface. Here we show that the effective interface potential method of determining the wetting temperature, originally proposed by MacDowell and Müller for the surfaces exhibiting the first order wetting transition, can also be used to estimate the wetting temperature of the second order (continuous) wetting transition. Some selected other methods of determination of the wetting temperature are also discussed.

Interfacial Properties of Binary Mixtures of Simple Fluids and their Relation to the Phase Diagram

Interfacial properties of binary fluid mixtures were studied using both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density gradient theory (DGT). The focus of the study is on the relation of the interfacial properties to the phase diagram of the mixture. Two binary Lennard-Jones mixtures were investigated in a wide range of states: a highly asymmetric mixture (type III), which exhibits vapour–liquid equilibria (VL1E and VL2E), liquid–liquid equilibria (L1L2E), a three-phase equilibrium (VL1L2E), and supercritical fluid–fluid equilibria (F1F2E), and, as a reference, an ideal mixture (type I). The studied interfacial properties are: the surface tension, the relative adsorption, the width of the interfacial region, and the enrichment of the low-boiling component, on which we set a focus. Enrichment was observed at VL1 interfaces; and, to a small extent, also at L1L2 interfaces; but not at the supercritical F1F2 interfaces. The large enrichment found at VL1 interfaces of the type III mixture can be interpreted as a wetting transition: approaching the VL1L2E three-phase line from the VL1 side, the enrichment gets stronger and can be interpreted as precursor of the second liquid phase L2. However, the actual existence of a three-phase line in the phase diagram is no prerequisite for an enrichment. The enrichment is found to be highly temperature-dependent and increases with decreasing temperature.