Cellulose Blended Membranes for High-Salinity Water Pervaporation Desalination

In the current study, cellulose acetate (CA)/cellulose triacetate (CTA) nanocomposite membranes blended with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) are prepared via phase inversion for pervaporation desalination performance. ZrO2 nanoparticles are added to enhance the hydrophilicity and porosity of the nanocomposite membranes. The fabricated nanocomposite membranes are characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA, and DSC to study the surface morphology, chemical composition, thermal stability and strength. Nanocomposite membranes’ performance for pervaporation desalination is assessed as a function of feed concentration. Pervaporation results revealed that the nanocomposite membrane consisting of 2% ZrO2 achieved a maximum water flux of 6.5 kg/m2h, whereas the salt rejection was about 99.8%.

USO DE COBERTURA MORTA E ÁGUA SALINA NA PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO MILHO

USO DE COBERTURA MORTA E ÁGUA SALINA NA PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO MILHO GEOVANA FERREIRA GOES1, GEOCLEBER GOMES DE SOUSA2, CARLA INGRYD NOJOSA LESSA3, FRED DENILSON BARBOSA DA SILVA2, CLAUDIVAN FEITOSA DE LACERDA4, RAFAELLA DA SILVA NOGUEIRA2 1Graduanda no curso de Agronomia da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da Abolição, 3, centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 2Professores Doutores, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural, Agronomia da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da Abolição, 3, centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 3Mestranda pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici (Avenida Mister Hull,2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza/Ce, Brasil) Email: [email protected] 4Professor Doutor, DENA/Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici (Avenida Mister Hull,2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza/Ce, Brasil) Email: [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade da cultura do milho irrigado com água de maior e menor salinidade em solo com e sem cobertura morta vegetal. A pesquisa foi realizada em campo, na Fazenda experimental da UNILAB, Redenção-CE. O delineamento experimental foi em bloco casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 × 2, referente a seis estratégias de uso de cobertura morta vegetal: EC1= sem cobertura morta durante todo o ciclo - testemunha; EC2= com cobertura morta durante todo o ciclo; EC3= com cobertura morta até 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e sem cobertura morta até o final do ciclo; EC4= sem cobertura morta até aos 45 DAS e com cobertura morta até o final do ciclo; EC5= com cobertura morta até 60 DAS e sem cobertura morta até o final do ciclo e EC6= sem cobertura morta até 60 e com cobertura morta até o final do ciclo e duas condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (A1=0,8 dS m-1 e A2=3,0 dS m-1), em cinco repetições. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: massa de espiga com e sem palha, de 1000 grãos e a produtividade. O uso da estratégia EC3 possibilitou aumento para massa da espiga com e sem palha e 1000 grãos. A salinidade da água de irrigação foi atenuada pela estratégia EC3 para massa da espiga com e sem palha. As estratégias EC3 e EC5 apresentaram maior produtividade com água de baixa salinidade e com água de maior salinidade quando utilizou-se a estratégia EC3. Palavras-chave: salinidade, proteção do solo, Zea mays L. GOES, G. F.; SOUSA, G. G.; LESSA, C. I. N; SILVA, F. D. B; LACERDA, C. F.; NOGUEIRA, R. S. USE OF DEAD COVERAGE AND SALINE WATER IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CORN CROP 2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the productivity of the corn crop irrigated with water of greater and lesser salinity in soils with and without mulch. The research was carried out in the field, at the experimental farm at UNILAB, Redenção-CE. The experimental design was a randomized block, in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, referring to six strategies for using vegetable mulch: EC1= no mulch throughout the cycle - control; EC2= with mulch throughout the cycle; EC3= with mulch up to 45 days after sowing (DAS) and without mulch until the end of the cycle; EC4= no mulch up to 45 DAS and with mulch until the end of the cycle; EC5= with mulch up to 60 DAS and without mulch until the end of the cycle and EC6= without mulch up to 60 and with mulch until the end of the cycle and two electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (A1=0.8 dS m-1 and A2=3.0 dS m-1) in five repetitions. The following variables were analyzed: ear mass with and without straw, 1000 grains and yield. The use of the EC3 strategy allowed an increase in ear mass with and without straw and 1000 grains. The salinity of the irrigation water was attenuated by the EC3 strategy for ear mass with and without straw. Strategies EC3 and EC5 showed higher yields with low salinity water and high salinity water when the EC3 strategy was used. Keywords: salinity, soil protection, Zea mays L.

Manganese Assisted Waterflooding Processes for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonates

Modifying the wettability of carbonate formations through divalent foreign metal incorporation can become a cost-effective practical method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. The addition of manganese ions to both high salinity water (HSW) and tailored SmartWater at dilute concentrations is exploited in this study to maximize the interfacial potential and promote water-wet conditions in carbonate reservoirs. In this experimental investigation, the impact of manganese ions on zeta-potentials at calcite/brine and crude oil/brine interfaces is first determined by measuring zeta-potentials in calcite suspensions and oil emulsions. Two different water chemistries representative of HSW (~60,000 ppm TDS) and a low salinity tailored SmartWater (~6,000 ppm TDS) were used. The measurements were then extended to carbonate rocks and reservoir cores by performing contact angle and spontaneous imbibition tests at reservoir conditions. The oil-water interfacial tensions are also measured to understand the interactions of manganese ions at the oil/brine interface. The zeta potential results showed a positive consistent trend, with the addition of 100-1,000 ppm of Mn+2 ions in the form of MnSO4 to the high salinity water, to impact the wetting transition towards water-wet conditions in carbonates. The addition of Mn+2 ions at a concentration of 100-1,000 ppm to HSW enhanced the electrokinetic interactions to favorably alter surface charges at both oil/brine and calcite/brine interfaces. These findings based on eletrokinetic interactions demonstrated good agreement with contact angle data wherein manganese ions in HSW were able to drastically decrease the contact angles from 156 to 88°. Conversely, insignificant changes in oil-water interfacial tensions were observed due to manganese ions. The manganese assisted spontaneous imbibition oil recoveries were increased by about 10% in HSW. Mn+2 ions showed the ability to increase the negative potentials at both calcite/brine and oil/brine interfaces. The obvious trend of such enhanced electrical potential due to Mn+2 addition at the calcite interface supports the claim that Mn+2 selectively gets incorporated into the calcite crystal to modify its surface chemistry. This is expected to increase the surface charges of same polarity at the two opposing interfaces and promote the electrostatic repulsion to inherently change the surface preference towards water-wet conditions. This work for the first time identified the favorable impact of incorporating Mn+2 ions under optimized conditions to enhance the wetting transition in carbonate reservoirs. Such new knowledge gained from this experimental study highlights the practical significance of Mn+2 ions as cheap and sustainable wettability modifiers for EOR applications in carbonate reservoirs.

Magnetically Labelled Hybrid Nanosurfactant MLHNS for Upstream Oil and Gas Operations

Nanoencapsulation and targeted chemical delivery techniques have transformed many fields such as pharmaceutical drug delivery for medical treatment and diagnosis, and can similarly transform several upstream oil and gas operations. This paper describes the dual nanoencapsulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPOINs) and petroleum sulfonate surfactants to produce hybrid nanosurfactant (MLHNS) in high-salinity water (56,000 ppm) using an inexpensive, scalable, and straightforward synthesis protocol. This novel magnetically labelled nanofluid (NF) is designed to: 1) enhance the residual oil mobilization via altering the rocks wettability and reducing the interfacial tension, and 2) enable in-situ monitoring of injected fluids when combined with EM surveys. NFs encapsulating a petroleum sulfonate surfactant and three different concentrations of 5-nm SPOINs were prepared using a two-step nanoencapsulation method. Both colloidal and chemical stability of the prepared formulations were tested at 90 °C for over a year. Results showed that all the formulations exhibited remarkable long-term colloidal and chemical stability under these close-to-reservoir conditions. Transition electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the encapsulation of SPIONs. The SPOINs-NFs have successfully reduced the interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil and water by more than three orders of magnitude (from ~ 25 mN/m down to ~ 0.01 mN/m). These IFT and stability results demonstrate a strong synergy between SPIONs and the petroleum sulfonate surfactant. It is worth mentioning that this novel encapsulation platform enables the encapsulation of a wide range of nanoparticles (NPs) to generate a library of multi-function NFs to support several upstream applications.

Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants Modified by Carboxyl Groups for Foam EOR at High-Salinity Conditions

High mineralization of water complicates the use of foam in reservoir conditions. Anionic–nonionic surfactants are one of the best candidates for these conditions since they have both high surface activity and salt tolerance. One of the ways to obtain anionic–nonionic surfactants is to modify nonionic surfactants by an anionic group. The type of the group and its chemical structure can strongly affect the properties of the surfactant. In this work, widely-produced nonionic surfactant nonylphenol (12) ethoxylate (NP12EO) was modified by new types of carboxylic groups through the implementation of maleic (NP12EO-MA) and succinic (NP12EO-SA) anhydrides with different saturation levels. The main objectives of this work were to compare synthesized surfactants with nonionic precursor and to reveal the influence of unsaturated bonds in the carboxyl group on the properties of the foam. NaCl concentration up to 20 wt% was used to simulate high mineralization conditions, as well as to assess the effect of unsaturated bonds on foam properties. Synthesized anionic–nonionic surfactants retained surfactant solubility and long-term stability in high-salinity water, but have better foaming ability, as well as higher apparent viscosity, in porous media. The presence of an unsaturated bond in NP12EO-MA surfactant lowers foaming ability at high mineralization.

From Biomedical to Oil Industry: Promising Mesoporous Materials for Oil Field Applications

Developing nanocarriers deliver molecules to targeted locations has received widespread attention in different fields ranging from biomedical to oil and gas industries. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs), where the pore size diameter ranges from 2-50 nm, have become attractive in many fields including biomedicine. One advantage is the ability to control the size, morphology of the particles, and the internal and external surfaces properties which enable encapsulating molecules of different size and charges. Moreover, it is possible to functionalize the pores and the surface of the MSNs, which make them suitable to host different molecules and release them in situ in a controlled manner. Despite the numerous studies of MSNs, little has been devoted to subsurface applications. This review will highlight some of the interesting characteristics of MSNs that make them promising carriers of molecules for slow and/or stimuli-responsive delivery for oil field applications. For example, they could be utilized for the controlled release of surfactants for enhanced oil recovery applications to minimize surfactant losses near the well-bore area. The mesoporous materials can be designed to harvest the ions normally present in oil field water, and the high temperatures encountered when travelling deep in the reservoir to release the surfactant. The ion exchange process makes it possible to engineer the MSNs to release their cargo for efficient and stimuli responsive delivery applications. The ion-responsive release was analyzed by the interfacial tension behavior between crude oil and high salinity water (HSW). It is concluded that the interfacial tension could be reduced up to 0.0045 mN/m when the mesoporous silica particles are suspended in HSW in comparison to 0.9 mN/m when suspended in DI water.

Observed features of the water masses in the Halmahera Sea in November 2016

Halmahera Sea is one of the locations in the eastern route of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), where high salinity water is mainly transported by the ITF. The description of water mass in the Halmahera Sea from the perspective of water mass, and related mixing is important. It is not only useful for understanding water mass features, but it can also be used to determine the strength of the turbulent mixing, and so allow how it relates to the water transformation. Here, we report the water mass properties and estimation of mixing quantities in the Halmahera Sea from the CTD profiles based on recent onboard observations during the IOCAS cruise in November 2016. The water mass analysis was done by examining the characteristics of water types in the Temperature-Salinity (T-S) diagram. The mixing estimation uses the density profile derived from temperature and salinity profiles and the quantification of vertical turbulence observed by density overturn. Halmahera Sea is to be found as the location where the thermocline salinity changes abruptly, it is shown from the erosion of salinity maximum in the density of 22-26σθ decreased from the north to the south of the basin. It is associated with strong mixing with spots of higher vertical diffusivity in the thermocline and intermediate layer. In the upper layer, the mixed layer depth in the Halmahera Sea is relatively shallow with an average of about 16.95 m and it is associated with weak wind stress during this month.

PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO AMENDOIM SOB DIFERENTES SUPRESSÕES DA IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA SALINA

PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DO AMENDOIM SOB DIFERENTES SUPRESSÕES DA IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA SALINA GEOVANA FERREIRA GOES1; GEOCLEBER GOMES DE SOUSA2; SAMUEL DE OLIVEIRA SANTOS1; FRANCISCO BARROSO DA SILVA JUNIOR3; EMANUEL D’ ARAÚJO RIBEIRO DE CEITA4 E KELLY NASCIMENTO LEITE5 1 Graduandos no curso de Agronomia da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da Abolição, 3, centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. 2 Prof. Doutor, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da Abolição, 3, centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mail:[email protected]. 3Mestrando pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici (Avenida Mister Hull, 2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza/Ce, Brasil) Email: [email protected]. 4Mestrando pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (Rua: Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, SN, 14.004-900, Jaboticabal/SP, Brasil) E-mail: [email protected]. 5Prof. Doutora, Centro Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta (Rua Estrada da Canela Fina, KM 12 Gleba Formoso - São Francisco, 69.895-000, Cruzeiro do Sul/AC). E-mail: [email protected]. 1 RESUMO O déficit hídrico associada ao estresse salino afetam a produtividade das culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade da cultura de amendoim irrigado com água de baixa e alta salinidade submetida a diferentes intervalos de supressão. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, no período de agosto a outubro de 2019 na Fazenda Experimental de Piroás, Redenção-CE. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial, sendo o primeiro fator a salinidade das águas de irrigação (1,0 e 4,0 dS m-¹) e o segundo fator, quatro intervalos de supressões (IS1= 40 a 55 DAS; IS2 = 55 a 70 DAS; IS3 = 70 a 85 DAS e IS4 = sem intervalos de supressão), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: número, massa, comprimento e diâmetro de vagem e a produtividade. O tratamento sem intervalo de supressão hídrica associado a água de menor salinidade proporcionam maior número e diâmetro de vagem. A água de maior salinidade afeta a massa e comprimento de vagem. A utilização da água de maior ou menor salinidade sem intervalo de supressão da irrigação proporciona maior produtividade da cultura do amendoim. PALAVRAS CHAVES: Arachis hypogaea L., déficit hídrico, estresse salino GOES, G. F.; SOUSA, G. G.; SANTOS, S. O.; SILVA JUNIOR, F. B.; CEITA, E. A. R.; LEITE, K. N.PEANUT CULTURE YIELD UNDER DIFFERENT SALT WATER IRRIGATION SUPPRESSIONS 2 ABSTRACT The water deficit associated with salt stress affects the productivity of agricultural crops. The objective was to evaluate the productivity of peanut culture irrigated with low and high salinity water submitted to different suppression intervals. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, from August to October 2019 at the Experimental Farm of Piroás, Redenção-CE. The experimental design used for the randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement, with the first factor is the salinity of the irrigation water (1.0 and 4.0 dS m-¹) and the second factor, four suppression intervals (IS1 = 40 a 55 DAS; IS2 = 55 to 70 DAS; IS3 = 70 to 85 DAS and IS4 = without suppression intervals), with four repetitions. The following variables were evaluated: number, mass, pod length and diameter and yield. Treatment without water suppression interval associated with less saline water provides a greater number and diameter of pods. Higher salinity water affects pod mass and length. The use of water of greater or lesser salinity without interval of suppression of irrigation offers the highest yield of the peanut culture. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L., water déficit, saline stress.

MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE GERGELIM SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE USO DE ÁGUA SALINA

MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE GERGELIM SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE USO DE ÁGUA SALINA ANDRÉ ALISSON RODRIGUES DA SILVA1; CASSIANO NOGUEIRA DE LACERDA1; GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA1; LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES1; HANS RAJ GHEYI1 E PEDRO DANTAS FERNANDES1 1 Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as trocas gasosas e o acúmulo de fitomassas de genótipos de gergelim sob estratégias de uso de águas salinas. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 6 x 2, sendo seis estratégias de uso de águas salinas aplicadas nas diferentes fases fenológicas das plantas (SE-irrigação com água de baixa salinidade durante todo ciclo de cultivo; VE - irrigação com água de alta salinidade na fase vegetativa; FL - na fase de floração; FR na fase de frutificação; VE/FL - nas fases vegetativa/floração; VE/FR - nas fases vegetativa/frutificação) e dois genótipos de gergelim (BRS Seda e BRS Anahí), com quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas água com alta salinidade (2,7 dS m-1), em alternância com água com baixa concentração de sais (0,3 dS m-1), em fases diferentes do ciclo. A irrigação com água de 2,7 dS m-1 durante a fase de floração, e nas fases vegetativa/floração, não comprometeu a condutância estomática, transpiração e taxa de assimilação de CO2 dos genótipos de gergelim. A salinidade da água de 2,7 dS m-1 quando aplicada nas fases vegetativa/floração prejudicou o acúmulo de fitomassa pelas plantas de gergelim. Palavras-chave: estresse salino, Sesamum indicum L., qualidade de água. SILVA, A, A, R. da; LACERDA, C. N. de; LIMA, G. S. de; SOARES, L. A. dos A.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNANDES, P.D. MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SESAME GENOTYPES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR THE USE OF SALINE WATER 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and phytomass accumulation of sesame genotypes under different strategies for the use of saline water. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement, with six strategies for the use of saline water applied in the different phenological phases of the plants (SE - irrigation with low salinity water throughout the cultivation cycle; VE - irrigation with high salinity water in the vegetative phase; FL - in the flowering phase; FR - in the fruiting phase; VE/FL - in the vegetative/flowering phase; VE/FR - in the phases vegetative/fruiting) and two sesame genotypes (BRS Seda and BRS Anahí), with four replicates. Water with high salinity (2.7 dS m-1) was used, alternating with water with low salt concentration (0.3 dS m-1), at different stages of the crop cycle. Irrigation with water of 2.7 dS m-1 during the flowering phase, and in the vegetative/flowering phases, did not compromise the stomatal conductance, transpiration and CO2 assimilation rate of sesame genotypes. The water salinity of 2.7 dS m-1 applied in the vegetative/flowering phases impaired the accumulation of phytomass by sesame plants. Keywords: saline stress, Sesamum indicum L., water quality.