An unsupervised method for social network spammer detection based on user information interests

Online Social Networks (OSNs) are a popular platform for communication and collaboration. Spammers are highly active in OSNs. Uncovering spammers has become one of the most challenging problems in OSNs. Classification-based supervised approaches are the most commonly used method for detecting spammers. Classification-based systems suffer from limitations of “data labelling”, “spam drift”, “imbalanced datasets” and “data fabrication”. These limitations effect the accuracy of a classifier’s detection. An unsupervised approach does not require labelled datasets. We aim to address the limitation of data labelling and spam drifting through an unsupervised approach.We present a pure unsupervised approach for spammer detection based on the peer acceptance of a user in a social network to distinguish spammers from genuine users. The peer acceptance of a user to another user is calculated based on common shared interests over multiple shared topics between the two users. The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of a pure unsupervised spammer detection approach based on users’ peer acceptance. Our approach does not require labelled training datasets. While it does not better the accuracy of supervised classification-based approaches, our approach has become a successful alternative for traditional classifiers for spam detection by achieving an accuracy of 96.9%.

Using an Artificial Neural Network to Improve Email Security

Email is one of the most widely used features of internet, and it is the most convenient method of transferring messages electronically. However, email productivity has been decreased due to phishing attacks, spam emails, and viruses. Recently, filtering the email flow is a challenging task for researchers due to techniques that spammers used to avoid spam detection. This research proposes an email spam filtering system that filters the spam emails using artificial back propagation neural network (BPNN) technique. Enron1 dataset was used, and after the preprocessing, TF-IDF algorithm was used to extract features and convert them into frequency. To select best features, mutual information technique has been applied. Performance of classifiers were measured using BoW, n-gram, and chi-squared methods. BPNN model was compared with Naïve Bayes and support vector machine based on accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The results show that the proposed email spam system achieved 98.6% accuracy with cross-validation.

Development of a Machine Learning Model for Image-based Email Spam Detection

Combatting email spam has remained a very daunting task. Despite the over 99% accuracy in most non-image-based spam email detection, studies on image-based spam hardly attain such a high level of accuracy as new email spamming techniques that defeat existing spam filters emerges from time to time. The number of email spams sent out daily has remained a key factor in the continued use of spam. In this paper, a simple convolutional neural network model, 123DNet was developed and trained with 28,929 images drawn from 2 public datasets and a Personally Generated dataset. The model was optimized to the least set of layers to have 1 input layer, 2 embedded Convolutional layers as a hidden layer, and 3 neural network layers. The model was tested with a total of 4,339 images of the three dataset samples and then with a separate set of 1,200 images to test performance on never-seen-before images. A Classification Performance analysis was carried out using the confusion matrix. Performance metrics including Accuracy, Precision, True Negative Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, and F1 Measure were computed to ascertain the model’s performance. The Model returned an F1 Score of 97% on a public dataset’s test sample and 88% on Never-seen-before test samples outperforming some pre-existing models while performing significantly well on the newly generated image test samples. It is recommended that a model that performed so well with new never-seen-before spam images be integrated into spam filtering systems. Keywords- Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Learning, Image-based Spam Detection

A Review on Spam Detection Techniques for IOT Devices

The number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart homes is rapidly increasing, generating massive volumes of data that is mostly transmitted over wireless communication channels. The amount of data released by these gadgets increased as well. Aside from the increasing volume, the IoT gadget generates a significant amount of data. Having varied data quality characterised by its speed in terms of time and position in various different modalities dependence. However, different IoT devices are vulnerable to different dangers, such as cyber-attacks and changing network conditions. Data leakage, connections, and so on. The properties of IoT nodes, on the other hand, make the current solutions obsolete. inadequate to cover the entire security range of IoT networks Machine learning can help in this situation. Algorithms can be useful in detecting irregularities in data, which improves the security of IoT systems. The methods are aimed at the data anomalies that exist in the smart Internet in general.

Overview of topical issues in basic spam filtering methods and analysis of their effectiveness

Представлен анализ основных проблем фильтрации почтового спама, современных методов фильтрации нежелательных писем и способов обхода систем защиты. Вводится понятие « легитимного спама » - новой проблемы, с которой сталкиваются пользователи электронной почты. Рассмотрены методы представления текста: bag-of-words и Embedding-пространство, а также методы классификации: искусственные нейронные сети, метод опорных векторов, наивный байесовский классификатор. В работе определены эффективные методы, построенные на анализе текста, для решения задач обнаружения различных видов спама: типичного ( известного системе ) , составленного при помощи методов обхода систем детекции спама, и легитимного. An analysis of the main problems of filtering mail spam, modern methods of filtering unwanted letters and methods of bypassing security systems is presented. The concept of “legitimate spam” is being introduced - a new problem that email users face. Methods of text presentation are considered: bag-of-words and Embedding-space, as well as classification methods: artificial neural networks, the method of reference vectors, naive Bayesian classifier. The work identifies effective methods based on text analysis, for solving the problems of detecting various types of spam: a typical (known to system), compiled using methods of bypassing spam detection systems, and legitimate.