The GCDM Model

A model for the reduction in Universal density over time, the “GCDM” model, is derived using gas thermodynamics with z = 1089 as the starting point. In the GCDM model, the Universe is pushing itself apart with internal gas pressure. A simple three-term Hubble expression HG is derived and found to be independent, or zero-order, in temperature and molecular weight of the gas. Isoentropic expansion of the gas at any z yields an entropic energy term which is modified to include energetic electrons, derived in turn from high-energy photons. These electrons are proposed as the source of the “dark energy” term found in the ΛCDM model.

Variationas of energy and aerodynamic terms at different stations of India

Variations and relative contributions of energy and aerodynamic terms to evaporation, from different stations of India are studied. Energy term shows higher value during first few weeks from the beginning of the year, at stations located at lower latitude, while its value retains high at stations lying on higher longitude except for Thiruvananthapuram. Aerodynamic term is found to be high at stations located at higher latitude, while except for Calcutta, its value is seen to be higher for the stations situated on higher longitude. Considerable variations in the percentage contribution of the energy and the aerodynamic terms are observed at stations situated at higher latitude. Stations situated at lower latitude show high and low value of percentage contribution of the energy and the aerodynamic terms In most of the weeks during the year. Relative shares of the energy term to evaporation are comparatively high at stations situated in higher longitude, while a higher percentage contribution of the aerodynamic term. is observed at stations located at lower longitude except for Nagpur.

A Theory for Electromagnetic Radiation and Coupling

A theory for analyzing the radiative and reactive electromagnetic energies of a radiator in vacuum is presented. In vacuum, the radiative electromagnetic energies will depart from their sources and travel to infinity, generating a power flux in the space. However, the reactive electromagnetic energies are bounded to their sources. They appear and disappear almost in the same time with their sources, and their fluctuation also causes a power flux in the space. In the proposed theory, the reactive electromagnetic energies of a radiator are defined by postulating that they have properties similar to the self-energies in the charged particle theory. More importantly, in addition to a main term of source-potential products, the reactive energies contain a special energy term which will last to exist a short time after the sources disappear. This oscillating energy is related to the electric displacement and the vector potential, and seems to be responsible for energy exchanging between the reactive energy and the radiative energy in the radiation process, performing like the Schott energy term. As the Poynting vector describes the total power flux density related to the total electromagnetic energy, it should include the contributions of the propagation of the radiative energies and the fluctuation of the reactive energies. The mutual electromagnetic couplings between two radiators are also defined in a similar way in which the vector potential plays a central role. The reactive electromagnetic energies can be evaluated with explicit expressions in time domain and frequency domain. The theory is verified with the Hertzian dipole and numerical examples.

A Theory for Electromagnetic Radiation and Coupling

A theory for analyzing the radiative and reactive electromagnetic energies of a radiator in vacuum is presented. In vacuum, the radiative electromagnetic energies will depart from their sources and travel to infinity, generating a power flux in the space. However, the reactive electromagnetic energies are bounded to their sources. They appear and disappear almost in the same time with their sources, and their fluctuation also causes a power flux in the space. In the proposed theory, the reactive electromagnetic energies of a radiator are defined by postulating that they have properties similar to the self-energies in the charged particle theory. More importantly, in addition to a main term of source-potential products, the reactive energies contain a special energy term which will last to exist a short time after the sources disappear. This oscillating energy is related to the electric displacement and the vector potential, and seems to be responsible for energy exchanging between the reactive energy and the radiative energy in the radiation process, performing like the Schott energy term. As the Poynting vector describes the total power flux density related to the total electromagnetic energy, it should include the contributions of the propagation of the radiative energies and the fluctuation of the reactive energies. The mutual electromagnetic couplings between two radiators are also defined in a similar way in which the vector potential plays a central role. The reactive electromagnetic energies can be evaluated with explicit expressions in time domain and frequency domain. The theory is verified with the Hertzian dipole and numerical examples.

A Theory for Electromagnetic Radiation and Coupling

A theory for analyzing the radiative and reactive electromagnetic energies of a radiator in vacuum is presented. In vacuum, the radiative electromagnetic energies will depart from their sources and travel to infinity, generating a power flux in the space. However, the reactive electromagnetic energies are bounded to their sources. They appear and disappear almost in the same time with their sources, and their fluctuation also causes a power flux in the space. In the proposed theory, the reactive electromagnetic energies of a radiator are defined by postulating that they have properties similar to the self-energies in the charged particle theory. More importantly, in addition to a main term of source-potential products, the reactive energies contain a special energy term which will last to exist a short time after the sources disappear. This oscillating energy is related to the electric displacement and the vector potential, and seems to be responsible for energy exchanging between the reactive energy and the radiative energy in the radiation process, performing like the Schott energy term. As the Poynting vector describes the total power flux density related to the total electromagnetic energy, it should include the contributions of the propagation of the radiative energies and the fluctuation of the reactive energies. The mutual electromagnetic couplings between two radiators are also defined in a similar way in which the vector potential plays a central role. The reactive electromagnetic energies can be evaluated with explicit expressions in time domain and frequency domain. The theory is verified with the Hertzian dipole and numerical examples.

Quasi-Static Strain Governing Ultrafast Spin Dynamics

The quasi-static strain (QSS) is the product induced by the lattice thermal expansion after ultrafast photo-excitation. Although the QSS and thermal effects are barely distinguishable in time, they should be treated separately because of their different fundamental actions to ultrafast spin dynamics. By employing ultrafast Sagnac interferometry and the magneto-optical Kerr effect, we demonstrate quantitatively the existence of QSS and the decoupling of two effects counteracting each other in typical polycrystalline Co and Ni films. The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and Kittel equations considering a magnetoelastic energy term showed that QSS, rather than the thermal energy, in ferromagnets plays a governing role in ultrafast spin dynamics. This demonstration provides an essential way to analyze ultrafast photo-induced phenomena.

A Multi-Scale Information Fusion Level Set for Breast Tumor Segmentation

Purpose: Mammography is considered an effective method of examination in early breast cancer screening. Massive work by distinguished researchers of breast segmentation has been proposed. However, due to the blurry boundaries of the breast tumor, the variability of its shape and the overlap with surrounding tissue, the breast tumor’s accurate segmentation still is a challenge. Methods: In this paper, we proposed a novel level set model which based on the optimized local region driven gradient enhanced level set model (OLR-GCV) to segment tumor within a region of interest (ROI) in a mammogram. Firstly, Noise, labels and artifacts are removed from breast images. The ROI is then obtained using the intuitionistic fuzzy C-means method. Finally we used OLR-GCV method to accurately segment the breast tumor. The OLR-GCV model combines regional information, enhanced edge information and optimized Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) energy term. The regional and enhanced edge information are used to capture local, global and gradient information of breast images. The optimized Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) energy term is introduced in the energy functional to further optimize edge information to improve segmentation accuracy. Results: We evaluated our method on the MIAS and DDSM datasets. It yielded a Dice value of 96.86% on the former and 95.51% on the latter. Our method proposed achieves higher accuracy of segmentation than other State-of-the-art Methods. Conclusions: Our method has better segmentation performance, and can be used in clinical practice.

Computational and experimental assessment of backbone templates for computational protein design

Computational protein design has taken big strides over the recent years, however, the tools available are still not at a state where a sequence can be designed to fold into a given protein structure at will and with high probability. We have here applied a recent release of Rosetta Design to redesign a set of structurally very similar proteins belonging to the Thioredoxin fold. We determined design success using a combination of a genetic screening tool to assay folding/stability in E. coli and selecting the best hits from this for further biochemical characterization. We have previously used this set of template proteins for redesign and found that success was highly dependent on template structure, a trait which was also found in this study. Nevertheless, state of the art design software is now able to predict the best template, most likely due to the introduction of the cart_bonded energy term. The template that led to the greatest fraction of successful designs was the same (a Thioredoxin from spinach) as that identified in our previous study. Our previously described redesign of Thioredoxin, which also used the spinach protein as template, however also performed well. In the present study, both these templates yielded proteins with compact folded structures, and enforces the conclusion that any design project must carefully consider different design templates. Fortunately, selecting designs using the cart_bonded energy term appears to correctly identify such templates.

Gradient Optimal Control of the Bilinear Reaction–Diffusion Equation

In this chapter, we study a problem of gradient optimal control for a bilinear reaction–diffusion equation evolving in a spatial domain Ω⊂Rn using distributed and bounded controls. Then, we minimize a functional constituted of the deviation between the desired gradient and the reached one and the energy term. We prove the existence of an optimal control solution of the minimization problem. Then this control is characterized as solution to an optimality system. Moreover, we discuss two special cases of controls: the ones are time dependent, and the others are space dependent. A numerical approach is given and successfully illustrated by simulations.