impact of interference on the functioning of French in Ivory Coast

The purpose of the article is to identify the different types of interference in French in Ivory Coast, a West African country. The research paper focuses on a deep analysis of the linguistic processes that manifest themselves in the study under the influence of Ivorian indigenous languages and a complex set of factors. The article deals with the analysis of linguistic interference peculiarities at different levels of French from the indigenous languages of Ivory Coast. The authors pay special attention to the effects of phonetic, lexical and grammatical interference which occur to varying degrees on mesolect and basilect French variants and violate the speech norms of French in France. The practical work part is based on the analysis of the examples of phonetic, lexical and grammatical interference, presenting the specific features of Ivorian French. According to the research, lexical interference is often evident in changes of the meaning of the original lexeme and the words borrowing from Ivorian languages, reflecting cultural realities. On this basis, phonetic and grammatical interference is most pronounced in the language of basilect-dominant speakers.

Impact of incessant kidnappings on the external relations: A case study of Nigeria

Nigeria is a West African country, endowed with a rapidly growing population of over 206 million, with over 500 languages and 250 ethnic groups. It's Africa's most densely populated country and the world's largest black nation. The integration of these complex entities into a unified body has proved difficult since the country's 1914 amalgamation. The government is challenged with violence and military dictatorships, endemic corruption, and abject poverty that intensifies heinous crimes, including kidnapping. The menacing impact of the phenomenon ravaged throughout the country resulted in many lives lost, and cripple the economy. Even though it's enshrined in the Nigerian 1999 Constitution, chapter 2, section 14(2b), that the protection of lives and property is the state's core responsibility. The study aims to uncover the effects of kidnapping on Nigeria's foreign relations. The study adopted a qualitative method, using secondary sources and world-system theory. The study found that failure to address the root causes of kidnapping is why kidnapping prevails in the country. Consequently, these study develop some measures and panacea to the country's deteriorated and incessant insecurity challenges. Noticeably, heinous crimes will be eradicated and replaced with economic wellbeing and strengthen the country's external relations.

Peacekeeping and the Enforcement of Intergroup Cooperation: Evidence from Mali

Despite the abundance of evidence that peacekeeping works, we know little about what actually makes peacekeepers effective. Recent work suggesting that local agendas are central to modern conflicts make this omission particularly problematic. The article demonstrates that the presence of peacekeepers makes individuals more optimistic about the risks of engagement and the likelihood that members of outgroups will reciprocate cooperation. I use data from a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted in Mali, a West African country with an active conflict managed by troops from France and the United Nations (UN), to show that UN peacekeepers increase the willingness of individuals to cooperate relative to control and French enforcers. Moreover, I find that UN peacekeepers are especially effective among those participants who hold other groups and institutions in low esteem as well as those who have more frequent contact with peacekeepers. Follow-up interviews and surveys suggest that perceptions of the UN as unbiased rather than other mechanisms account for its effectiveness.

LA DIFFUSION SPATIALE DE L’INNOVATION DU CENTRE CIDAP EN MATIERE DE DEVELOPPEMENT LOCAL DANS LA PREFECTURE DE DOUFELGOU AU TOGO / THE SPATIAL DISSEMINATION OF THE INNOVATION OF THE CIDAP CENTER IN LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PREFECTURE OF DOUFELGOU IN TOGO

Le Togo a opté pour le développement local comme stratégie permettant d’apporter une meilleure réponse aux enjeux de développement des populations des collectivités locales. Cette orientation des politiques publiques semble être une nouveauté dans les stratégies de développement mises en œuvre dans ce pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Les modèles proposés sont plutôt exogènes, aux antipodes de la définition même du développement local. N’existait-il pas d’initiatives inspirantes et transférables dans diverses collectivités locales? C’est l’objet principal de cet article qui met en exergue l’initiative du centre CIDAP créé en 1984, pour sauvegarder les savoirs endogènes des peuples Nawda à partir du canton de Baga. Une analyse de leurs effets, quatre décennies après le début des interventions, montre leur diffusion spatiale dans les 14 cantons de la préfecture de Doufelgou, bien au-delà des objectifs initiaux des promoteurs. Elle pourrait inspirer la dynamique de développement territorial dans d’autres collectivités. Togo has opted for local development as a strategy to provide a better response to the development challenges of the populations of local communities. This strategy seems to be a novelty in the development strategies implemented in this West African country. The models proposed are rather exogenous, at odds with the very definition of local development. Were there not inspiring and transferable initiatives in various local communities? This is the main object of this article, which highlights the initiative of the CIDAP center, created in 1984, to safeguard the endogenous knowledge of the Nawda peoples from the canton of Baga. An analysis of their effects, four decades after the start of the interventions, shows their spatial diffusion in the 14 cantons of the prefecture of Doufelgou, well beyond the initial objectives of the promoters. It could inspire the dynamics of territorial development in other communities. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0720/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The Rise and Demise of the Boys’ Company

Graduates of Ghana's defunct Army Boys’ Company, a specialized military training institution for boys, participated to varying degrees in all five successful coups in the West African country. Most significantly, their prominent role in the coups of 1979 and 1981 catapulted them into the heart of the Ghanaian political arena. They thus became political actors; a position with far reaching consequences for the Boys’ Company. Coups in Ghana have received considerable academic attention. However, the focus of this body of literature tended to be on the coup leaders with rarely any attention for the soldiers who facilitate the power seizures by conducting the fighting. This article addresses this lacunae by assessing how the so-called “ex-Boys” radicalized politically, while bringing to the fore their experience at the Army Boys’ Company and in the military. Additionally, the article scrutinizes the conditions that led to demise of the Boys’ Company.

‘Never say never’: the first successful management of a type A aortic dissection in Liberia

The West African country of Liberia ranks as one of the lowest in the world in most measures of health. The diagnosis and management of complex surgical cases such as aortic dissection is extremely challenging, for reasons ranging from lack of diagnostic imaging capabilities to the high resources required for definitive surgical intervention. We present the first known successfully managed case of aortic dissection in the country’s history and with it highlight the challenges faced and a number of lessons learned that are beneficial to anyone working in resource-limited environments.