Effect of Biology Module with Scientific Approach Equipped with a Glossary in Discovery Learning models Against Learning Competencies of Class X Students of SMAN 1 Pariaman

This study is based on the problems that exist in SMAN 1 Pariaman, namely: textbooks that are used have not involved students playing an active role in learning, the learning model that is applied is still monotonous, student notebooks are incomplete and textbooks used in schools are not yet available examples -example/images according to the demands of Basic Competence to clarify the material description. Efforts can be made is the application of biological modules with a scientific approach equipped with a glossary in discovery learning models on the competencies of students in Class X of SMAN 1 Pariaman.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biological modules with a scientific approach equipped with a glossary in discovery learning models on the competencies of students in Class X of SMAN 1 Pariaman. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a randomized posttest control group design. The study population was tenth-grade students of SMAN 1 Pariaman 2018/2019 academic year consisting of seven classes. The research sample was taken using a purposive sampling technique, the results of which were selected Class X MIPA 2 as the experimental class and Class X MIPA 3 as the control class.The results of data analysis found that the knowledge competency data was normal and not homogeneous, competency data on attitudes, and homogeneous and normal student skills. Hypothesis test results are known that knowledge competencies (7.06>1.67), attitude competence (0.76<1.67), and skill competencies (0.925<1.67), so it can be concluded that the biological module with a scientific approach is equipped The glossary in discovery learning models has a positive influence on students 'knowledge competencies but does not have a positive influence on the competency of students' attitudes and skills at SMAN 1 Pariaman.

The Effect of Biology Module with Scientific Approach Equipped with a Glossary in Discovery Learning Model Against Learning Competencies of Class X Students of SMAN 1 Pariaman

This study is based on the problems that exist in SMAN 1 Pariaman, namely: textbooks that are used have not involved students playing an active role in learning, the learning model that is applied is still monotonous, student notebooks are incomplete and textbooks used in schools are not yet available example or images according to the demands of basic competencies to clarify the material description. Efforts can be made is the application of biological modules with a scientific approach equipped with a glossary in Discovery Learning models on the competencies of students in Class X of SMAN 1 Pariaman.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biological modules with a scientific approach equipped with a glossary in Discovery Learning models on the competencies of students in Class X of SMAN 1 Pariaman. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a randomized posttest control group design. The study population was tenth-grade students of SMAN 1 Pariaman 2018/2019 academic year consisting of seven classes. The research sample was taken using a purposive sampling technique, the results of which were selected Class X MIPA 2 as the experimental class and Class X MIPA 3 as the control class.The results of data analysis found that the knowledge competencies data was normal and not homogeneous, competencies data on attitudes skill are homogeneous and normal. Hypothesis test results are known that knowledge competencies (7,06>1,67), attitude competencies (0,76<1,67), and skill competencies (0,93<1,67), so it can be concluded that the biological module with a scientific approach is equipped a glossary in Discovery Learning models has a positive influence on students' knowledge competencies but does not have a positive influence on the competencies of students' attitudes and skills at SMAN 1 Pariaman.

Biological substrates underpinning diagnosis of major depression

Major depression is characterized by low mood, a reduced ability to experience pleasure and frequent cognitive, physiological and high anxiety symptoms. It is also the leading cause of years lost due to disability worldwide in women and men, reflecting a lifelong trajectory of recurring episodes, increasing severity and progressive treatment resistance. Yet, antidepressant drugs at best treat only one out of every two patients and have not fundamentally changed since their discovery by chance >50 yr ago. This status quo may reflect an exaggerated emphasis on a categorical disease classification that was not intended for biological research and on oversimplified gene-to-disease models for complex illnesses. Indeed, genetic, molecular and cellular findings in major depression suggest shared risk and continuous pathological changes with other brain-related disorders. So, an alternative is that pathological findings in major depression reflect changes in vulnerable brain-related biological modules, each with their own aetiological factors, pathogenic mechanisms and biological/environment moderators. In this model, pathological entities have low specificity for major depression and instead co-occur, combine and interact within individual subjects across disorders, contributing to the expression of biological endophenotypes and potentially clinical symptom dimensions. Here, we discuss current limitations in depression research, review concepts of gene-to-disease biological scales and summarize human post-mortem brain findings related to pyramidal neurons, γ-amino butyric acid neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, as prototypical brain circuit biological modules. Finally we discuss nested aetiological factors and implications for dimensional pathology. Evidence suggests that a focus on local cell circuits may provide an appropriate integration point and a critical link between underlying molecular mechanisms and neural network dysfunction in major depression.