Reflections on the validity of exculpatory clauses in light of Section 6:152 of the Hungarian Civil Code

Section 6:152 of the Hungarian Civil Code (HCC) is an objective cap on the freedom of contract, it is an unconditional (absolute) and minimum protection to which all exculpatory clauses are subject. In this essay, this rule is examined in a wide and complex context. These exculpatory clauses are closely connected to the consent of an injured person or their assumption of risk, or their waiver (especially waiving claims for damages) as unilateral juridical acts. The relationship between this statute and other grounds of invalidity shall also be examined, especially the connection to the invalidity rule of unfair standard contract terms.

CONVICTS AND PRISONERS PERSON UNDERSTRANDING AND SCAPE OF RIGHTS

Convicts and prisoners person human rights in imprisonment places are decidedly violated, it is demonstrated by administrative Court and European Court of Human Rights judgments. Exist accepted juridical acts, which some norms are contrary to human rights guaranteed in the constitution Court. The aim of the semester work is to find out the standard of human rights in imprisonment paces and how Latvian imprisonment places guarantee human right. The work task is to find out imprisonments, prisons and human right development. Explore imprisonment places and human right concept. To find out convicts and prisoners person legal status, its regulation and improvement possibilities. Following the analysis made by the author, has shown some suggestions how imprisonment places can to do raise standard of human rights, as well as were analysed actual problems.

The Catalan crisis 2012-2017: political, institutional and ethnopolitical aspects

The relevance of the study: attempts to secede of Catalonia from Spain in 2012–2017 are a characteristic manifestation of the crisis of the national states in the context of globalization. The objective of the study is to determine the politicalinstitutional and ethno-political parameters of the Catalan crisis of 2012–2017 in the context of the interactions of the Spanish state of autonomies and their autonomous communities. The research materials are normative juridical acts of the Kingdom of Spain and the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, resolutions of political parties, statements of political leaders, results of opinion polls, statistical data of population censuses. Research methods: neoinstitutionalism, constructivist paradigm in ethnopolitology. The results of the investigation. The Catalan crisis of 2012–2017 confirmed the decrease in confidence in the state of autonomy and the party system of the country, caused by a deficit of democracy. The main factors in the fragmentation of the state are: the unfinished nation-building; weak national identity compared to regional and ethnic identity; import of secession institutes and technologies. The conflict is not resolved and requires a radical reform of Spain’s political system based on dialogue and constitutional reform.

Equal to the Constitution: the Sources of Law of Highest Legal Force in the Russian Federation

In article the question of validity of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and some other sources of the right which can also possess the highest validity is considered. In particular the author comes to a conclusion that legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation possess the highest validity and in total with the constitutional provisions represent the actual Constitution. On the other hand, both laws on amendments to the Constitution, and the universally recognized norms of international law on the validity stand below constitutional precepts of law. Acts of the Constitutional Assembly of the Russian Federation may in future be qualified as having the highest judicial effect. Such acts may abolish or change any provision of the present Constitution. At the same time the universally recognized norms of international law and the laws of the Russian Federation regulating amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation as independent juridical acts and sources of constitutional law are inferior as compared with the constitutional legal norms.

PERIKATAN BERSYARAT DAN BEBERAPA PERMASALAHANNYA

<p><em>Unpredictability is a factor which has always to be dealt with when making contracts and is related to some act (juridical) which may or may not happen. This unpredictability may be the result of an act/commission or ommission to be perfomed by an unknown person, known person or a third person. In respons to this unpredicability, to a contract can be added a conditionality in which failure to meet certain conditions will result in postponement or cancellation. </em><em>Conditionality may also be employed in making one sided juridical acts, such as a will or a power of attorney. A contract in which one or both parties is required to obtain prior consent before the contract can be performed is a conditional contract. A conditional contract differs from a contract with a time-limit and contract with an obligation. In addition, there are impossible condition, inevitable condition, unlawful condition, indecent condition, potestatif condition, and incomprehensible condition. In regard to a will, attention must be given to the difference between fideï-commis and contract with an obligation. A contract with the conditionality of annulment also differs from an obligation to stand for a surety. The law regulation in articles 1266 and 1267 KUHPerdata acknowledges the conditionality related to annulment which is always assumed in reciprocal contract.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p align="right"><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong></p><em>contract, agreement, conditional, annulment, postponement, unpredictable</em>

Invalidity Juridical Acts and Its Classification

Based on the kind of invalidity juridical acts and contracts in Albanian Law are generally classified in absolute and relative invalid acts. The difference between them and the consequences are defined in Albanian Civil Code. Invalidity of juridical as a very important aspect of rights was first mentioned in traditional albanian system of rules and then defined in Civil Code of 1929 of King Zogu “About juridical acts and obligations”,Civil Code of National Albanian Republic of 1981 and actual Civil Code of 1994. This work aims to analyze classification of invalid juridical acts and the elements that cause this invalidity. For this purpose are taken into consideration actual juridical literature, laws and their changes, Unified sentences of Supreme Tribunal Court and collected database from different courts. While analyzing this database the question that arises is: whether classification of invalid juridical acts is important in adjusting consequences derived from these acts.

Penyelesaian Yuridis Tentang Penyadapan sebagai Bagian dari Kegiatan Spionase yang Dikategorikan dalam Pelanggaran Kekebalan Diplomatik

In international relations conducted between states, countries sending delegates to negotiate with other countries in order to promote and safeguard their interests in addition to work towards the common good. Many disorders that can occur in the case of countries conduct cooperation with other countries and can not be separated from the conflict, one of which is the treatment or unpleasant activities of the recipient countries where diplomatic representation is placed. As one example of the violation of diplomatic immunity and privileges of officials is espionage case between Indonesia and Australia that occurred some time ago. This is the case, then the sending country may submit an objection to the recipient (receiving state) and the receiving country shall be fully responsible for it. This paper will discuss how the settlement of juridical acts of espionage to diplomatic officials as a violation of diplomatic immunity.