Anvisa's Prior Consent as a Contribution to Global Health and the One Health System

The participation of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) in the granting of patents for pharmaceutical products and processes in Brazil took place since 2001, giving this sector of the Ministry of Health unprecedented legal competence, until then exclusive to the entity of the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI). This chapter proposes to analyze the technical and legal aspects inherent to patenting combined with the ability to make political decisions in favor of implementing flexibilities in the patent examination of medicines that may be favorable to public health. John Kingdon's Multiple Flows Model was the methodology chosen to understand the most relevant factors that influenced the government's agenda for the creation of Anvisa's prior consent. The results allowed to outline the political window that materialized the formulation of the public policy in question, as well as to call attention to the fundamental importance for the protection of the current needs of humanity and of its future generations inserted in the concept of One Health.

A Phenomenological Exploration of School Leadership Development Programme: Improved Practices of School Leaders a Breakthrough Triumph in the Province of Punjab

The major driver of the phenomenology research was to explore the lived experiences of school heads about the School Leadership Development Programme (SLDP) in improved practices of leadership in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes in public sector schools of Punjab. The sample of the study was based on the geographical distribution of the province of Punjab i.e., central, southern and northern. The seven districts were taken, and 14 SHs were selected through purposive sampling. The in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted after the prior consent of the participants. The instruments were self-developed and validated from five experts along with Mock interview practice. The researcher collected the data personally, and thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that SLDP is inseparable in the development of improved practices of SHs. It was strongly recommended to continue the SLDP encased with certain paraphernalia to get better results in the future.

Copyright law and the freedom of panorama: The right to commercialise photographs of protected works

<p>Making an unauthorised copy of a copyright-protected work is a copyright infringement, as is making an adaptation or a derivative work without gaining prior consent from the author or authors of the copyright-protected work. It was once questioned at one of the Berne Convention amendment meetings whether to take photographs of copyright-protected literary works was to make copies of them. The meeting concluded that taking photographs of literary works meant making copies of them, and, therefore, photographs should not be taken without gaining the prior consent of the author or authors. However, there was no discussion about photographs of other type of works, such as buildings and sculptures. Taking photographs of architectural and sculptural works permanently situated in public places is protected under “freedom of panorama”, a provision of copyright laws that permits the taking of photographs of those works, which is applied differently in some countries. This paper discusses copyright protection for those photographs, though there are not many cases available in this issue as the terminology of “freedom of panorama” was only recently coined. The discussion is based on the Berne Convention, and copyright law in the United States, New Zealand, and Indonesia. Freedom of panorama may seem to limit the exclusive rights for architects and sculptors to authorise any acts to be done over their works. However, photographers also have the need to be sure that their photographs are protected, including photographs that are taken under the freedom of panorama. Therefore, this paper argues that the photographers who take photographs under the freedom of panorama should be able to exercise exclusive and moral rights over their photographs. Although the three countries mentioned provide protection for the “freedom of panorama”, it is protected differently and, therefore, there is a need to include the freedom of panorama in an international copyright treaty to avoid a possible conflict of laws.</p>

Copyright law and the freedom of panorama: The right to commercialise photographs of protected works

<p>Making an unauthorised copy of a copyright-protected work is a copyright infringement, as is making an adaptation or a derivative work without gaining prior consent from the author or authors of the copyright-protected work. It was once questioned at one of the Berne Convention amendment meetings whether to take photographs of copyright-protected literary works was to make copies of them. The meeting concluded that taking photographs of literary works meant making copies of them, and, therefore, photographs should not be taken without gaining the prior consent of the author or authors. However, there was no discussion about photographs of other type of works, such as buildings and sculptures. Taking photographs of architectural and sculptural works permanently situated in public places is protected under “freedom of panorama”, a provision of copyright laws that permits the taking of photographs of those works, which is applied differently in some countries. This paper discusses copyright protection for those photographs, though there are not many cases available in this issue as the terminology of “freedom of panorama” was only recently coined. The discussion is based on the Berne Convention, and copyright law in the United States, New Zealand, and Indonesia. Freedom of panorama may seem to limit the exclusive rights for architects and sculptors to authorise any acts to be done over their works. However, photographers also have the need to be sure that their photographs are protected, including photographs that are taken under the freedom of panorama. Therefore, this paper argues that the photographers who take photographs under the freedom of panorama should be able to exercise exclusive and moral rights over their photographs. Although the three countries mentioned provide protection for the “freedom of panorama”, it is protected differently and, therefore, there is a need to include the freedom of panorama in an international copyright treaty to avoid a possible conflict of laws.</p>

Reducing climate risks with fast and complete energy transitions: applying the precautionary principle to the Paris agreement

Averting the climate catastrophe requires the transformation of the energy system. A wide range of energy transition pathways are being explored in literature, which limit peak heating during this century as likely as not to 2°C or 1.5°C. Growing understanding of the Earth system suggests that peak heating beyond 1.5°C may be an existential threat to the biosphere and therefore also humanity. Transitions that exceed this vital threshold with a high probability expose future generations to substantial risks without their prior consent. Here we advocate the precautionary principle and explore with a minimal energy transition model the energy requirements to minimize climate risks. Fast and complete transitions are energetically possible when temporarily increasing fossil emissions above current levels for the sole purpose of accelerating the growth of renewable energy capacity. This reduces the probability to exceed 1.5°C peak heating at best to 20%, highlighting the urgency for climate action.

Demand-Driven Data Acquisition for Large Scale Fleets

Automakers manage vast fleets of connected vehicles and face an ever-increasing demand for their sensor readings. This demand originates from many stakeholders, each potentially requiring different sensors from different vehicles. Currently, this demand remains largely unfulfilled due to a lack of systems that can handle such diverse demands efficiently. Vehicles are usually passive participants in data acquisition, each continuously reading and transmitting the same static set of sensors. However, in a multi-tenant setup with diverse data demands, each vehicle potentially needs to provide different data instead. We present a system that performs such vehicle-specific minimization of data acquisition by mapping individual data demands to individual vehicles. We collect personal data only after prior consent and fulfill the requirements of the GDPR. Non-personal data can be collected by directly addressing individual vehicles. The system consists of a software component natively integrated with a major automaker’s vehicle platform and a cloud platform brokering access to acquired data. Sensor readings are either provided via near real-time streaming or as recorded trip files that provide specific consistency guarantees. A performance evaluation with over 200,000 simulated vehicles has shown that our system can increase server capacity on-demand and process streaming data within 269 ms on average during peak load. The resulting architecture can be used by other automakers or operators of large sensor networks. Native vehicle integration is not mandatory; the architecture can also be used with retrofitted hardware such as OBD readers.

ROLE OF KRISNADI CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TAMAKA SWAS (BRONCHIAL ASTHMA)

Since ancient times, humans are constantly threatened by diseases of respiratory disorders and Bronchial Asthma is one of them1. Ayurveda referred to Bronchial Asthma as “Tamaka Swas" which is a well-documented disease comparable to the parameters of etiopathology, risk factors, clinical manifestations and treatment principles. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of Krisnadi Churna in the management of Tamaka Swas (Bronchial Asthma). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Committee of Govt Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Gu- wahati and prior consent was taken from the patients before conducting the study The patients were given Krisnadi Churna for a period of 2 months in the Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Govt. Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Guwahati. There was a marked improvement in the symptoms as well as the Sr. IgE and AEC of the patients at the end of the treatment period. Keywords: TamakaSwas, Bronchial Asthma, Krisnadi Churna, respiratory disease

Depresión En Estudiantes Universitarios En Tiempos De Covid-19

Debido al confinamiento se ha evidenciado un incremento de los niveles de estrés en la población que repercute directamente en su salud mental. El presente estudio propone identificar manifestaciones depresivas y diferencia de proporción en dos muestras de estudiantes universitarios en pandemia por COVID-19. Se aplicó el cuestionario auto aplicable Inventario de Depresión de Beck en un total de 82 estudiantes, previo consentimiento. De acuerdo al semestre donde se encontraban inscritos se establecieron dos muestras independientes, para identificar diferencias de proporciones de las manifestaciones depresivas. Se encontraron manifestaciones depresivas mínimas en ambas muestras independientes, 75% en segundo ciclo y 71.42% en octavo; manifestaciones depresivas leves 15% en segundo y 11.91% en octavo; depresión moderada en 10% de segundo y 4.76% de octavo; depresión severa sólo en 11.91% de octavo. Conclusión: es evidente la presencia de depresión en diferentes grados en ambas muestras, con especial atención en la severidad del grupo de octavo semestre. Confinement has shown an increase in stress levels in the population that directly affects their mental health. The present study proposes to identify depressive manifestations and difference in proportion in two samples of university students in pandemic by COVID-19. The self-applicable Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire was applied to a total of 82 students, with prior consent. According to the semester where they were registered, two independent samples were established, to identify differences in proportions of depressive manifestations. Minimal depressive manifestations were found in both independent samples, 75% in the second cycle and 71.42% in the eighth; mild depressive manifestations 15% in the second and 11.91% in the eighth; moderate depression in 10% in the second and 4.76% in the eighth; Severe depression only at 11.91% of eighth grade. Conclusion: it is evident the presence of depression in different degrees in both samples, with special attention to the severity of the group of eighth semester.

Clinicopathological features and outcome of COVID-19- early experiences from three covid hospitals, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Introduction: COVID 19 is an unknown virus affecting mankind creating a deadly experience to all. It is true for Bangladesh also. So the objectives of the present study is to find the clinicopathological features and outcome of COVID patients admitted in three COVID dedicated hospitals of Chittagong, Bnagladesh. Methods: This was an observational study where a total of 209 patients admitted in three COVID dedicated hospital were recruited. Clinicopathological data were recorded and patients were under observation till discharge and thus outcome were recorded. Prior consent was taken from the patients and ethical clearance was also taken. Data was compiled and analyzed by SPSS-20. Results: Among 209 patients most of them were male 139(66.5%) and male to female ratio was 1.98:1. Age group distribution revealed more were aggregated in age group 41-50 years 36(17.2%), 51-60 years 54(25.8%) and 61-70 years 57(27.3%). Among all 92(44%) patients were RT-PCR positive and 117(56%) were probable cases. Fever was present in 195(93.3%) cases, cough in 180(86.1%), respiratory distress in 105(50.2%) anosmia in 123(58.8% ), aguesea in 112 (53.58%) and lethargy was present in 143( 68.42%). Chest X-ray findings revealed 73(34.9%) had bilateral patchy opacities, 20(9.6%) had unilateral opacities 65(31.1%) had consolidations, 6(2.9%) had ground glass opacities and 2(1.0%) had pleural effusion. Supplemental O2 was given in 173(82.8%) patients, Favipiravir in 59(28.2%), Remdisivir in 111(53.1%), Methylprednisolone in 87(41.6%), Dexamethasone in 93(44.5%), Antibiotics in 204(97.60%), Toccilizumab in 34(16.3%), plasma in 18(8.6%) and LMWH in 200(95.7%) patients. Regarding outcome of the COVID patients admitted, 85(92.4%) patients improved, 6(6.5%) died who were RT-PCR positive and 107(91.15%) improved, 9(7.7%) died who were probable cases. Total death rate was 7.1%. Conclusion: Present study findings were some early activities among COVID patients in the years 2020. Male were more affected and middle age group people were the most victims.

Adtech and Real-Time Bidding under European Data Protection Law

This paper discusses the troubled relationship between contemporary advertising technology (adtech) systems, in particular systems of real-time bidding (RTB, also known as programmatic advertising) underpinning much behavioural targeting on the web and through mobile applications. This paper analyses the extent to which practices of RTB are compatible with the requirements regarding (i) a legal basis for processing, transparency, and security in European data protection law. We first introduce the technologies at play through explaining and analysing the systems deployed online today. Following that, we turn to the law. Rather than analyse RTB against every provision of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we consider RTB in the context of the GDPR’s requirement of a legal basis for processing and the GDPR’s transparency and security requirements. We show, first, that the GDPR requires prior consent of the internet user for RTB, as other legal bases are not appropriate. Second, we show that it is difficult – and perhaps impossible – for website publishers and RTB companies to meet the GDPR’s transparency requirements. Third, RTB incentivises insecure data processing. We conclude that, in concept and in practice, RTB is structurally difficult to reconcile with European data protection law. Therefore, intervention by regulators is necessary.