The paradoxical consequences of leader feedback seeking for subordinates: a theoretical framework

Purpose Scholars in the feedback seeking domain have predominantly focused on subordinate feedback seeking. The authors still know very little about feedback seeking when the leader is the “seeker” and subordinates are the “targets” of such seeking. This paper aims to develop a theoretical framework that explores the potential benefits and costs of leader feedback seeking, specifically, leader feedback inquiry for subordinates. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw upon the transactional theory of stress to propose a framework in which leader feedback inquiry influences two subordinate behaviors (in-role and proactive skill development behaviors) via appraisal processes (challenge and threat appraisals). With insights from regulatory focus theory, the authors propose that individual characteristics, namely, the regulatory focus of subordinates (promotion and prevention focus), determine the appraisals of leader feedback inquiry, subsequently influencing subordinate behavioral outcomes. Findings The authors contend that leader feedback inquiry can be appraised as a challenge which then produces beneficial subordinate behaviors (i.e. higher in-role and proactive skill development behaviors). However, leader feedback inquiry can also be appraised as a threat which then elicits detrimental subordinate behaviors (i.e. lower in-role and proactive skill development behaviors). The authors then argue that subordinates with a high promotion focus appraise leader feedback inquiry as challenging, thereby enabling beneficial behaviors. Subordinates with a high prevention focus, by contrast, appraise leader feedback inquiry as threatening, thereby prompting detrimental behaviors. Originality/value The authors shed light on the benefits and costs of leader feedback seeking for subordinates. The resulting framework underlines the importance of including individual characteristics and cognitive appraisal processes in research investigating the effects of leader feedback inquiry on subordinate outcomes.

"Evidence of me" becoming "evidence of us": A case study of the policy, processes and responses of selected GLAM institutions to personal donations of collections and artifacts

<p>Research problem: Donors are important contributors to collection development in GLAM institutions, yet interactions with potential donors and communication of procedures and policies is under researched. To address the gap this research project investigates the policies and processes of selected institutions to manage personal donations and examine the challenges and responses this has raised. Methodology: A case study research design used two methods of data collection for each institution . Nine participants form five GLAM institutions were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, three each at the two larger institutions and all were conducted face-to-face. A donation webpage content analysis was performed for each of the five participating institutions. Results: Collection policies and principles were found to be critical components of all institutional appraisal processes, although there was evidence of some flexibility in implementation. Relationships with donors were based on collaboration and trust. Participants valued these relationships and invested time building them, facilitating respectful discussions over more challenging aspects of donation including restrictions and ownership. Institutional donation webpages were more diverse, demonstrating that institutions held different views over the value of this platform as a donor communication and information resource. Implications: While the selected institutions have, from their perspective, developed positive donor relationships this research provides some recommendations regarding website presence to make webpages a more valuable resource for donors. Future research could focus on the donor perspective of gifting to the selected institutions, or investigating website use by donors and whether it is perceived as an important source of information.</p>

"Evidence of me" becoming "evidence of us": A case study of the policy, processes and responses of selected GLAM institutions to personal donations of collections and artifacts

<p>Research problem: Donors are important contributors to collection development in GLAM institutions, yet interactions with potential donors and communication of procedures and policies is under researched. To address the gap this research project investigates the policies and processes of selected institutions to manage personal donations and examine the challenges and responses this has raised. Methodology: A case study research design used two methods of data collection for each institution . Nine participants form five GLAM institutions were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, three each at the two larger institutions and all were conducted face-to-face. A donation webpage content analysis was performed for each of the five participating institutions. Results: Collection policies and principles were found to be critical components of all institutional appraisal processes, although there was evidence of some flexibility in implementation. Relationships with donors were based on collaboration and trust. Participants valued these relationships and invested time building them, facilitating respectful discussions over more challenging aspects of donation including restrictions and ownership. Institutional donation webpages were more diverse, demonstrating that institutions held different views over the value of this platform as a donor communication and information resource. Implications: While the selected institutions have, from their perspective, developed positive donor relationships this research provides some recommendations regarding website presence to make webpages a more valuable resource for donors. Future research could focus on the donor perspective of gifting to the selected institutions, or investigating website use by donors and whether it is perceived as an important source of information.</p>

Age Differences in Emotion and Coping During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic unleashed a relentless stressor on the human species with numerous deadly risks. These risks have been disproportionately threatening to the health and wellbeing of older adults. Since April 2020, we have been studying how the pandemic has affected the emotional experiences of older and younger adults broadly in several studies. For instance, in one study, we found that older adults (N=176) experienced fewer negative emotions and coped with greater levels of agency than younger adults (N=181). In additional work, we have been examining how these age differences differ for older workers versus retirees as well as in minority populations. This work broadly supports and illuminates our recent theoretical framework that focuses on how evaluative appraisal processes underlie and contribute to age differences in emotional experience generally, but especially in the context of the stress experienced during a global pandemic.

Deactivation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex indicated low postoperative sports levels in presurgical patients with chronic ankle instability

Background Injury-related fear contributed to disability in chronic ankle instability (CAI), while there still lacked exploration on the appraisal processes of the injury-related stimuli. This study aimed to compare the neural activities of the appraisal processes of sprain-related stimuli between presurgical chronic ankle instability patients and healthy controls through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and evaluate its relationships with the clinical outcomes of orthopedic surgeries. Methods Eighteen presurgical CAI patients and fourteen healthy controls were recruited and underwent an fMRI session with visual stimulation of movies that showing typical ankle sprains accidents or control videos and the corresponding fear ratings. The clinical outcomes were collected at baseline and a minimum of 2 years after surgery; these included the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) scores, and the Tegner Activity Rating Scale scores. The two-sample t-test would be applied to identify which brain regions were influenced by CAI, and the correlation analysis would be applied to measure the relationship between the activation and clinical outcomes. Results Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was deactivated in CAI patients when compared with healthy controls, and the dACC deactivation strength revealed a moderate correlation with the values of fear ratings for all participants. The deactivation strength was negatively correlated with AOFAS at baseline, with Tegner at follow-up and its improvement. Conclusions Presurgical CAI patients presented deactivated dACC as a different neural activity of appraisal processes of sprain-related stimuli when compared with healthy controls, which was associated with lower postoperative sports levels. More comprehensive patients care including psychological interventions were needed in the clinical management of chronic ankle instability.

Cognitive and Emotional Appraisal of Motivational Interviewing Statements: An Event-Related Potential Study

The counseling process involves attention, emotional perception, cognitive appraisal, and decision-making. This study aimed to investigate cognitive appraisal and the associated emotional processes when reading short therapists' statements of motivational interviewing (MI). Thirty participants with work injuries were classified into the pre-contemplation (PC, n = 15) or readiness stage of the change group (RD, n = 15). The participants viewed MI congruent (MI-C), MI incongruent (MI-INC), or control phrases during which their electroencephalograms were captured. The results indicated significant Group × Condition effects in the frontally oriented late positive complex (P600/LPC). The P600/LPC's amplitudes were more positive-going in the PC than in the RD group for the MI congruent statements. Within the PC group, the amplitudes of the N400 were significantly correlated (r = 0.607–0.649) with the participants' level of negative affect. Our findings suggest that the brief contents of MI statements alone can elicit late cognitive and emotional appraisal processes beyond semantic processing.

Deliberative Appraisal Processes in Health Technology Assessment

Deliberation — the bringing together of individuals with multiple perspectives, experiences, and values to critically examine evidence, share reasons and rationales, and reach a decision on a course of action — occurs at all stages of the health technology assessment (HTA) process. The focus of this report is on deliberation at the committee appraisal stage of HTA. The objectives are to review and conceptualize the evidence and key considerations for deliberative processes at the committee appraisal stage of HTA and the available guidance for assessing the quality of the deliberative process at this stage. National and international practices for deliberative processes at the committee appraisal stage of HTA vary depending on contextual considerations (e.g., type of health technology and the medical condition being treated), the mandate of the HTA organization, health system and funding structures, and societal values. Each aspect of the deliberative appraisal process should be rooted in the values of the health system and be principled, clear, transparent, purposeful, and reasoned.

Incorporating driver activity in holistic comfort models

BACKGROUND: We motivate and describe a holistic comfort model to account for the impact of driver and passenger activities on their comfort experiences in vehicles. The proposed model is an expansion of existing ones and postulates two dimensions of comfort that are linked with cognitive moderation processes toward holistic experience: physiological comfort combines multiple physiological experiences such as thermal, auditory, and postural comfort and is moderated via cognitive processes of focusing or masking. On the other hand, emotional comfort reflects the experience of activities and is moderated by cognitive appraisal processes. OBJECTIVE: Using this model, we derive three hypotheses that are examined. METHOD: In a driving simulator study, 32 participants assessed holistic and physiological comfort while driving under various conditions. RESULTS: The participant responses on various comfort questions loaded on two main principal components that closely resemble the distinction between holistic and physiological comfort. Also, the driving and non-driving activity types seemed to have a different impact on holistic versus physiological comfort as predicted by our model.