PENGEMBANGAN MODEL ANALISIS RELASI BAHASA DAN INTERNET BERBASIS PARADIGMA CMDA (COMPUTER MEDIATED DISCOURSE ANALYSIS)

Dalam dekade terakhir, kajian tentang relasi bahasa, media, dan teknologi komunikasi telah menjadi kajian lintas disiplin yang menarik perhatian para ahli dari berbagai disiplin ilmu. Lebih khusus, dalam kaitannya dengan kajian wacana di Internet, penggunaan bahasa di Internet dipandang sebagai pertanda lahirnya “new genre” sekaligus sebagai the state of the art dalam kajian wacana, yang dikenal sebagai kajian computer mediated discourse analysis (CMDA). Dalam konteks perkembangan itu, kajian ini dimaksudkan untuk merumuskan model analisis relasi bahasa dan Internet berbasis CMDA. Pertanyaannya, “sejauh mana paradigma CMDA dapat dirumuskan sebagai model pengembangan analisis relasi bahasa dan Internet. Kajian ini menemukan, bahwa ragam bahasa di Internet tidak sepenuhnya menunjukkan ciri-ciri ragam tulis, akan tetapi cenderung menunjukkan ciri-ciri “ragam lisan yang dituliskan”. Di samping itu, ditemukan pula, bahwa konteks media dan konteks situasi komunikasi tampak berpengaruh secara signifikan dalam menentukan makna suatu tuturan di Internet. Dengan demikian, paradigma CMDA dalam kajian wacana di Internet tampak relevan digunakan, terutama untuk mengindentifikasi ragam bahasa dan makna tuturan di Internet.Kata kunci: konteks media; konteks situasi komunikasi; Internet; computer mediated discourse analysis (CMDA)In the last decade, the study of language relations, media, and communications technology has become an interdisciplinary study that attracts the attention of experts from various disciplines. More specifically, in relation to the study of discourse on the Internet, the use of language on the Internet is seen as a sign of the birth of "new genre" as well as the state of the art in discourse studies, known as computer mediated discourse analysis (CMDA). In the context of this development, this study is intended to formulate models of analysis of language and Internet relationships based on CMDA. The question centers on the extent to which the CMDA paradigm can be formulated as a model for the development of language and Internet relation analysis. This study reveals that the variety of languages on the Internet does not fully show the characteristics of writing, but tends to show the characteristics of "written verbal". In addition, the analysis showed that the context of the media and the context of the communication situation seemed to have a significant effect on determining the meaning of a speech on the Internet. Thus, the CMDA paradigm in the study of discourse on the Internet seems relevant to use, especially to identify the variety of languages and meanings of speech on the Internet.Keywords: media context; context of communication situation; Internet; computer mediated discourse analysis (CMDA)

Legal regulation of Internet relationships: main problems and practice implementation in Russia

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the legal regulation of online relationships. Categories of Internet relationships are given, regulation of which is carried out within the system of the Russian law. Particular attention is paid to such topical issues as copyright infringement, and the spread of inappropriate content. Restrictions of access to on-line resources are considered.

The Tyranny of Time and Space—Weakened but Not Vanquished

People have exchanged messages across distances of space or time since the dawn of human history. Modern technologies, for both travel and telecommunication, have vastly increased the speed and reach of our communication potential, but the difference from the past is not just one of degree: at least one difference in kind is the convergence of information/computing technology with communication technology (ICT), and specifically the emergence of the (now-mobile) internet. Relationships between ICT and travel are numerous, complex, and paradoxical. Speculation that “modern“ ICT could substitute for travel virtually coincided with the invention of the telephone, but scholars as early as the 1970s also realized the potential for mutual synergy and generation. Although ICT and travel have diminished the tyranny of space, they cannot be said to have conquered it.

Trust and social interaction on the Internet

This article focuses on interactions and relationships that start on the Internet. Relationships that begin online pose unique challenges: false identities are easy to create and difficult to verify. Visual and non-verbal cues are typically absent, despite the technical possibilities for video and audio transmissions. Because individuals communicating online are likely to be geographically distant from one another, it is often impossible to rely on mutual acquaintances to vouch for the trustworthiness of a person.

Investigating Internet Relationships

The focus on Internet relationships has escalated in recent times, with researchers investigating such areas as the development of online relationships (e.g., McCown, Fischer, Page, & Homant, 2001; Parks & Roberts, 1998; Whitty & Gavin, 2001), the formation of friends online (Parks & Floyd, 1996), representation (Bargh, McKenna, & Fitzsimons 2002), and misrepresentation of self online (Whitty, 2002). Researchers have also attempted to identify those addicted to accessing online sexual material (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999). Moreover, others have been interested in Internet infidelity (Whitty, 2003a, 2005) and cybersex addiction (Griffiths, 2001, Young, Griffin-Shelley, Cooper, O’Mara, & Buchanan, 2000). Notwithstanding this continued growth of research in this field, few researchers have considered the new ethical implications of studying this topic area. While it is acknowledged here that some of the discussions in this article might be equally applied to the study of other Internet texts, such as religious or racial opinions, the focus in this article is on the concomitant ethical concerns of ongoing research into Internet relationships. Given that the development and maintenance of online relationships can be perceived as private and very personal (possibly more personal than other sensitive areas), there are potential ethical concerns that are unique to the study of such a topic area (Whitty, 2004; Whitty & Carr, 2006). For a broader discussion of virtual research ethics in general, refer to Ess and Jones (2004) and Whitty and Carr (2006).

Ethical Implications of Investigating Internet Relationships

The focus on Internet relationships has escalated in recent times, with researchers investigating such areas as the development of online relationships (e.g., McCown, Fischer, Page & Homant, 2001; Parks & Roberts, 1998; Whitty & Gavin, 2001), the formation of friends online (Parks & Floyd, 1996), representation (Bargh, McKenna & Fitzsimons, 2002), and misrepresentation (Whitty, 2002) of self online. Researchers have also attempted to identify those addicted to accessing online sexual material (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon & Boies, 1999). Moreover, others have been interested in Internet infidelity (Whitty, 2003a) and cybersex addiction (Griffiths, 2001; Young, Griffin-Shelley, Cooper, O’Mara & Buchanan, 2000). Notwithstanding this continued growth of research in this field, researchers have neglected to consider the more ethical ways in conducting this type of research.

Internet Relationships and Their Impact on Primary Relationships

The number of personal relationships occurring via the Internet is increasing as more people gain access to it. Many of these relationships are romantic in nature, and evidence is accumulating that they have the potential to have an adverse effect on existing face-to-face relationships. This study explored the formation of romantic relationships on their Internet, their nature, and their possible impact on existing marital or de facto relationships in a sample of 75 adults (mean age 42 years, SD = 11.1 years) who responded to an online survey of individuals involved in extradyadic relationships on the Internet. Respondents reported a variety of means of contacting their online partner. More females than males communicated with them daily. Most respondents knew what their partner looked like, most had contacted them by telephone, and a third had met them. Most reported more satisfaction with their online relationship than with their face-to-face one, though few said that it was more important to them than their primary relationship. Although only a quarter of the sample admitted that their online relationship had affected their primary one, those participants reported concealing the truth about the time or nature of their activities, that everyday tasks did not get done, and that levels of sexual intimacy with their primary partner had dropped. The nature of these and other problems suggests that therapists should be aware of the potential for Internet relationships to seriously affect face-to-face relationships.

Are Virtual Communities True Communities? Examining the Environments and Elements of Community

Critiques of modern societies often cite the loss of community as a result of weak connections with local places and changing modes of social interactions. We will argue that both the loss of community and attempts to regain community can be understood as a series of debates progressing from one environment to another. Specifically, community was seen as being lost from its original environment, the local place, typically a village or a residential neighborhood. Then came the claim that community could be regained in the environment of shared space, typically voluntary associations or work groups. The most recent candidate for regaining community is the digital environment of cyberspace. Using existing research, we seek to determine if virtual communities are indeed true communities. Can the virtual community provide two of the core elements—common ties and social interaction—without identification with place? We explore each of these environments as we search for community and the qualities necessary to establish community, finding that virtual communities are spatially liberated, socially ramified, topically fused, and psychologically detached, with a limited liability. In this sense, if we understand community to include the close, emotional, holistic ties of Gemeinschaft, then the virtual community is not true community. That does not necessarily imply, however, that Internet relationships are the antithesis of true community relationships. The Internet may either reduce community, reinforce community, or provide a weak replacement.