Supplemental Material: Conservative transport of dissolved sulfate across the Rio Madre de Dios floodplain in Peru

Details on the chloride-based mixing model and oxygen isotope calculations, Table S1 (geochemical data), and Table S2 (sulfate and water mass balance calculations).<br>

Supplemental Material: Conservative transport of dissolved sulfate across the Rio Madre de Dios floodplain in Peru

Details on the chloride-based mixing model and oxygen isotope calculations, Table S1 (geochemical data), and Table S2 (sulfate and water mass balance calculations).<br>

Supplemental Material: Conservative transport of dissolved sulfate across the Rio Madre de Dios floodplain in Peru

Details on the chloride-based mixing model and oxygen isotope calculations, Table S1 (geochemical data), and Table S2 (sulfate and water mass balance calculations).<br>

Radar Satellite Altimetry in Geodesy - Theory, Applications and Recent Developments

Radar satellite altimetry has revolutionized our understanding of the Earth’s sea-level shape and its change over time, monitoring of the natural and human-induced water cycle, marine gravity computations, seafloor relief (bathymetry) reconstruction, tectonics, water mass balance change monitoring, etc., thus providing significant impact in geodesy. Today satellite radar altimetry is critical for unifying the vertical height systems, regional and global geoid modeling, monitoring of the sea level rise impact, monitoring of the ice sheet melting, and others. This chapter gives an overview of the technology itself and the recent developments including the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) altimetry, coastal altimetry retracking methods, and new satellite missions (e.g. Sentinel-6). Besides, the chapter presents recent applied studies utilizing the altimeter data for ice sheet monitoring, vertical land motion estimating, bathymetric computations, and marine geoid modeling.

Annual displacements, strain partitioning and pore pressure variation in the Triesenberg Earthflow

&lt;p&gt;Large landslide complexes in flysch are among the largest landslides on earth. These landslides often feature a rotational landslide at the head, the weathering and downslope transport of which produces one or more earthflows that terminate in a bulging toe at a valley bottom. These landslide complexes typically undergo ductile movements, on the order of mm/year to cm/year, and thus loss of life risk is typically low. However, the earthflow portions of these complexes can surge, which can result in significant infrastructure damage. Thus, understanding annual landslide displacements, the partitioning of strain within the landslide body, as well as subsurface groundwater recharge are crucial factors for understanding and managing these landslide complexes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the present work we present and analyze a uniquely detailed dataset collected for the Triesenberg Landslide, a landslide complex in Flysch located in Liechtenstein. This dataset contains accurate measurements of surface displacements that occurred between 1978 and 2012, InSAR displacement time series from 2011 to 2020, periodic measurements (once or twice a year) of over 30 inclinometers since 1995, continuous and periodic pore pressure measurements at a number of locations since 2001 as well as climatic data from nearby climate stations. We combine the surface and subsurface displacement measurements to understand how strain is partitioned in the landslide, as well as seasonal and annual landslide displacement rates. We then combine pore-pressure measurements and climatic data to investigate groundwater recharge mechanisms, as well as the water balance of our study area. The analysis of the InSAR data, as well as its comparison to previous displacement measurements, reveals annual displacement rates up to 4.5 cm/year. Additionally, the inclinometer data shows that the depth to the rupture surface varies throughout the landslide body, and is measured as deep as 70 m in some locations. Surprisingly, very few internal shear planes were noted within the earthflow portion of the landslide. We find that recharge into the landslide body is complex, and that the water mass balance is potentially influenced by the adjacent Valuna valley. By combining these analyses, we are able to gain preliminary insights into the behavior of the Triesenberg landslide, which has important implications for understanding this landslide as well as many other landslide complexes in flysch.&lt;/p&gt;

From weekly to seasonal variability of the North Brazil - Equatorial Undercurrent retroflection

&lt;p&gt;The northward flow in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean is carried mainly by North Brazil Current (NBC), hence playing a major role in the cross-equatorial exchange of properties. As thermocline waters reach the equator, they largely retroflect to feed the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), a quasi-permanent zonal current that brings salty and highly-oxygenated waters to the eastern side of the basin. This retroflection system is governed by the zonal pressure gradient, which is driven by the trade winds. Hence, the wind fluctuations represent the major source of variability at seasonal and interannual scales. However, at shorter time scales, the variability of the retroflection system may be associated with both interior and coastal waves. In the present study we describe the water mass balance at the NBC-EUC retroflection area using a combination of shipboard observations and numerical reanalysis. The observations, from an oceanographic campaign in April 2010, provide a synoptic view of the retroflection region and allow assessing the goodness of the numerical data. We then use the ocean reanalysis GLORYS2v4 to analyse the temporal variability of this region, from intra-seasonal to seasonal scales, and use Lagrangian simulations to identify the principal water mass pathways feeding the retroflection. We find a substantial seasonal cycle in the boundary and interior (southern and northern) origins of those waters that feed the EUC. Our results also show the propagation of high-frequency waves (16-30 days) along the coast from the south, probably as coastal trapped waves, while waves with 30-60 days period come from the northern hemisphere, probably as westward Rossby waves reach the coast of America and follow south as Kelvin waves. These short-term fluctuations have a high impact on the water mass pathways that feed the EUC and the retroflection structure itself.&lt;/p&gt;

Water management using traditional tank cascade systems: a case study of semi-arid region of Southern India

Most arid and semi-arid regions of the Southern-Indian peninsula experience frequent drought. To combat this, historically many water recharge structures, such as tank cascade systems, have been constructed. However, in recent years, performance of these tanks, especially for irrigation and groundwater recharge, is limited due to impacts of external factors that are not scientifically understood. This study, for the first time, aimed to explore spatio-temporal variation of water mass balance components and their impact on the Vandiyur tank cascade system (VTCS) in the city of Madurai, India. Study estimated water mass balance components for rural, peri-urban, and urban catchments across VTCS. Catchment-specific algorithms and water budget equation were used to estimate the volume of hydrological parameters. Additionally, land use/land cover maps were developed to understand the significance of using a water balance approach in understanding the behavior of hydrological components governing the water budget of a catchment. Results indicated a rapid increase in the urban area, up to 300%, in peri-urban and urban regions. Urbanization was considered the primary cause of high catchment runoff (40–60% of rainfall). Due to this, seasonal water availability within each tank across catchment was observed inconsistent (0–15%), wherein summer recorded approximately the least tank storage (0–8%). In general, study provided an approach for a practical, water‐focused application demonstrating how the principles of mass balance can help to foster robust water accounting, monitoring, and management. It further emphasized the use of a water balance approach in identifying vulnerable catchments for appropriate tank-rehabilitation-based interventions.

Energy and water mass balance of Lake Untersee and its perennial ice cover, East Antarctica

Lake Untersee is one of the largest perennially ice-covered lakes in Dronning Maud Land. We investigated the energy and water mass balance of Lake Untersee to understand its state of equilibrium. The thickness of the ice cover is strongly correlated with sublimation rates; variations in sublimation rates across the ice cover are largely determined by wind-driven turbulent heat fluxes and the number of snow-covered days. Lake extent and water level have remained stable for the past 20 years, indicating that the water mass balance is in equilibrium. The lake is damned by the Anuchin Glacier and mass balance calculation suggest that subaqueous melting of terminus ice contributes 40–45% of the annual water budget; since there is no evidence of streams flowing into the lake, the lake must be connected to a groundwater system that contributes 55–60% in order to maintain the lake budget in balance. The groundwater likely flows at a rate of ~8.8 × 10−2 m3 s−1, a reasonable estimate given the range of subglacial water flux in the region. The fate of its well-sealed ice cover is likely tied to changes in wind regime, whereas changes in water budget are more closely linked to the response of surrounding glaciers to climate change.