Aktivitas Antioksidan Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cair Dari Buah Apel (Malus Domesticus)

Abstrak Buah apel memiliki senyawa fitokimia yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan alami dari golongan flavonoid yang sangat bagus untuk kesehatan kulit. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental. Sediaan sabun cair dibuat dengan menambahkan ekstrak apel dengan variasi konsentrasi yaitu 2,5g (F1), 3g (F2) dan 3,5g (F3), sebagai blanko (F0). Pengujian terhadap sediaan sabun cair meliputi pemeriksaan uji organoleptik, pengukuran pH sediaan, uji ketahanan busa, uji iritasi terhadap kulit, uji kesukaan sediaan (hedonic test), dan uji aktivitas antioksidan. pH sediaan (7,9-9,00) dan stabilitas busa memenuhi persyaratan nilai SNI, sediaan stabil dalam penyimpanan dan tidak menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit sukarelawan. Ekstrak buah apel merah dapat diformulasikan sebagai sediaan sabun cair dan tidak menyebabkan iritasi. Sediaan sabun cair dengan konsentrasi ekstrak apel 3,5g pada formula 3 (F3) menunjukkan efektivitas sebagai formulasi yang paling baik dan paling disukai oleh sukarelawan. Kata Kunci : Ekstrak buah apel, Sabun cair, antioksidan

FORMULASI SABUN MANDI DENGAN MINYAK BUAH APEL (MALUS DOMESTICUS) SEBAGAI SABUN KECANTIKAN

Sabun adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk membersihkan kulit dari kotoran dan bakteri.Sabun dibagi menjadi dua jenis: sabun padat (bar) dan sabun cair. Kulit kotor sepanjang hari, jikatidak dibersihkan maka bakteri akan mudah menginfeksi. Penambahan bahan berkhasiat dalamsabun diharapkan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri secara lebih efektif. Apel mengandungantioksidan alami yang sangat baik untuk kesehatan kulit dan mata serta apel yang dapat digunakanuntuk meremajakan sel-sel kulit, sehinngga ini digunakan sebagai sumber tambahan dalampembuatan sabun padat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat sabun yang memiliki khasiat sebagaiantioksidan sehingga efektif mencegah kerusakan kulit. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitianeksperimental. Formulasi sabun padat yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah Asam Stearat,Oleum Cocos, Natrium Klorida, Asam Sitrat, Minyak Atsiri 3% dan Natrium Hidroksida. Evaluasipersiapan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu uji organoleptik, uji pH dan uji kadar air sabunterhadap zat padat. Sabun padat yang dihasilkan memiliki warna hijau kekuningan, aroma khasapel dan bentuk padat. Sabun ini memiliki pH 10 dalam minggu I dan pada minggu ke II pH yangdihasilkan adalah sama yaitu 10 yang berarti belum memenuhi persyaratan normal. Sedangkanpada uji kadar air, sabun memiliki kadar air 6,25% pada minggu pertama dan pada minggu IIdiperoleh hasil 5,25% berartimenuhi kondisi air sabun yang normal. Sabun padat yang dihasilkanbelum memenuhi kriteria sabun yang cocok untuk pH kulit, tetapi sabun sudah memiliki persentasekandungan air yang sesuai dengan persentase kisaran kadar air dalam sabun padat.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN MANDI PADAT DARI EKSTRAK BUAH APEL (Malus domesticus) SEBAGAI SABUN KECANTIKAN KULIT

As the development time of usage and utilization of traditional medicine in Indonesia is experiencing a very rapid progress. Interest of the community to utilize natural materials back to health is greatly improved. Apple or (pyrusmalus) is one among the faforit fruit in the family rosaceae or rose-mawaran. Apple plants allegedly came from around israel-Palestine, then spread throughout the world, including indonesia. Europe and Australia is the country’s most used to develop crop of apples in agribusiness. Apples contain a natural anti oxidant which is great for the health of the skin and eyes. This research uses research methods laboratory ekperimental Soap to be created with a penembahan extract of apples made with olive oil. Apple fruit is extracted by means of maceration using penyari ethanol. Ethanol extract of Apple made in the form of solid bath soaps and bath soaps performed the examination test includes solid Favorites, pH, testing methods and solid bath Soap Irritation Test made with a concentration of 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%. The results of the test checks gladness solid bath Soap preparations obtained are really like 13 people, like 4 people, 3 people and less like don’t like 0, pH 8.3-7.3, on the test of irritation in the preparations of solid bath SOAP from Apple fruit extracts do not cause skin redness and itching. The conclusion of the researchers extract of apples (Malusdomsticus) can be formulated in the form of preparation of solid bath Soap. The advice of researchers is expected for the next researcher to be able to formulate the Apple fruit extract (Malusdomesticus) in the form of other preparations, such as face masks.

Streptomycin Resistance of Erwinia amylovora Isolated from Apple (Malus domesticus) in Utah

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, causes devastating losses in multiple fruit and ornamental crops worldwide. It is the most important disease for apple and pear growers in Utah. Currently, the only effective management strategy is the application of streptomycin. In 2006, isolates resistant to streptomycin were detected in an apple orchard in central Utah for the first time. To determine the distribution of resistant isolates and the level of resistance, isolates of E. amylovora were collected between 2006 and 2012 from apple trees across the state and tested for resistance to streptomycin. Each isolate was initially screened against 0, 50, 100, and 1,000 ppm of streptomycin. Selected isolates resistant to 1,000 ppm were exposed to higher concentrations of streptomycin. The majority of resistant isolates were found in Utah Co., the largest apple and pear production area in the state. Resistant isolates tolerated up to 200,000 ppm of streptomycin. The resistance mechanism in all isolates obtained in Utah was identified as a mutation of codon 43 found in the rpsL gene. Accepted for publication 15 August 2013. Published 25 October 2013.

EFFECT OF FOOD SOURCES ON THE LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY OF PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

The fecundity of first-generation adult Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) increased when individuals were confined with flowers of creeping "Charlie" (Glechoma hederacea L.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), and apple (Malus domesticus L.), but not with blossoms of chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo] or Shepherd’s purse [Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic]. Longevity of P. ornigis was little affected. The fecundity of second-generation P. ornigis increased when individuals were confined with terminal leaves of apple with honeydew of the aphid Aphis pomi DeGeer, but not when confined with terminal leaves without honeydew or with flowers of round-leaved mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Longevity of P. ornigis adults also increased when they were provided with aphid honeydew. There were significant differences between the total number (oviposited and ovarian) of eggs produced by second-generation females given different food sources. Those given aphid honeydew oviposited a greater proportion of their eggs than those confined with apple leaves without honeydew or with flowers of M. neglecta or T. pratense, Adult P. ornigis fed an aqueous solution of honey (50:50, v/v) lived longest and produced more eggs than those provided with any other food source.