BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING THE WET GAMMA IRADIATION METHOD

BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING the WET GAMMA IRRADIATION METHOD. The use of coconut husk has only been used as a material for making handicrafts such as ropes, brooms, mats, and others or just burned. The combustion of coconut husk can cause air pollution. In fact, coconut husk can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production so that the beneficial value of coconut husk will also increase. One way of bioethanol production from coconut husk is by irradiating the coconut husk. The coconut husk irradiation technique to be carried out in this study is the wet irradiation technique. Wet irradiation is carried out to accelerate the process of bioethanol production because at the time of irradiation, cellulose has been hydrolyzed and glucose has been formed so that it is more efficient in time and use of the material so that the cellulose hydrolysis process is not necessary. The coconut husk samples were wet because they were mixed with 4% NaOH and were irradiated using a gamma irradiator from STTN-BATAN Yogyakarta with a dose of 30 kGy and 50 kGy and 0 kGy (or without irradiation). Then the sample is fermented with the fungus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae from tape yeast to form ethanol. Ethanol is purified and then analyzed for concentrations using pycnometric and refractometric methods. The result is that the highest ethanol content is without irradiation (0 kGy), this is due to the low dosage used. However, the main point in this wet method research is evidence of hydrolysis of cellulose by the formation of gluoxane after irradiated wet coconut husk, and with Fehling A and B analysis, brown deposits are seen proving that glucose has been formed.

Production of bioethanol from amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)

On account of the increasing demand for valuable herbal products, an attempt was made to produce a functional fermented Ethanol from Amla. This study investigates the potential of ethanol production from Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn). In the present study, Amla juice was extracted, filtered, fermented and it shows a suitable medium for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on yeast peptone dextrose medium for the production of ethanol. Ethanol was separated by fractional distillation and then estimated at 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of the fermentation process by iodometric method for 30oC. The ethanol percentage estimated by the iodometric titration method was high on the 10th day, and it was found to be 1.63 gm% compared to all days. So, the outcome of this study reveals that amla fruit can be used as a crucial constituent for the yield of ethanol with a higher commercial value.

Production of bioethanol from amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.)

On account of the increasing demand for valuable herbal products, an attempt was made to produce a functional fermented Ethanol from Amla. This study investigates the potential of ethanol production from Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn). In the present study, Amla juice was extracted, filtered, fermented and it shows a suitable medium for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on yeast peptone dextrose medium for the production of ethanol. Ethanol was separated by fractional distillation and then estimated at 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of the fermentation process by iodometric method for 30oC. The ethanol percentage estimated by the iodometric titration method was high on the 10th day, and it was found to be 1.63 gm% compared to all days. So, the outcome of this study reveals that amla fruit can be used as a crucial constituent for the yield of ethanol with a higher commercial value.

Economic Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Integrated With Food Waste-Based Ethanol Production

The concern of food waste (FW) impact on the environment, societies, and economies, has triggered many researchers to find alternative ways to utilize these materials. FW can be high in glucose and other sugars (depending upon the food used) and has the potential to be converted into value-added products such as ethanol. Ethanol is an organic material that has a high demand from different industries for products such as fuel, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial applications. FW fermentation to produce ethanol may be a promising method, and might results in positive impacts on economies. However, it is a challenge for the product price to compete with that of corn ethanol due to low yield and the inconsistency of FW composition. Thus, to increase the profitability, a conventional fermentation plant integrated with a combined heat and power (CHP) system might be a great combination, and was analyzed in this study. Solid waste stream from the process can be converted into energy and could reduce the utility cost. Therefore, the main focus of this study is to evaluate the economic impact of this integrated system by estimating the minimum selling price (MSP) using techno-economic analysis (TEA) and compare to conventional plants without CHP. Results from this analysis showed that the MSE value for this integrated system was $1.88 per gallon ($0.50 per liter). This study suggests that an integrated system with CHP was found to be more economical and attractive to be implemented on a commercial scale.

Optimisation of Bee Pollen Extraction to Maximise Extractable Antioxidant Constituents

This paper presents the findings of a comprehensive review on common bee pollen processing methods which can impact extraction efficiency and lead to differences in measured total phenolic content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) data. This hampers the comparative analysis of bee pollen from different floral sources and geographical locations. Based on the review, an in-depth investigation was carried out to identify the most efficient process to maximise the extraction of components for measurement of TPC, DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity for two bee pollen samples from western Australia (Jarrah and Marri pollen). Optimisation by Design of Experiment with Multilevel Factorial Analysis (Categorical) modelling was performed. The independent variables included pollen pulverisation, the extraction solvent (70% aqueous ethanol, ethanol, methanol and water) and the extraction process (agitation, maceration, reflux and sonication). The data demonstrate that non-pulverised bee pollen extracted with 70% aqueous ethanol using the agitation extraction method constitute the optimal conditions to maximise the extraction of phenolics and antioxidant principles in these bee pollen samples.

Recent Trends in Industrial Biotechnology

White biotechnology, also known as, industrial biotechnology has been skyrocketing in commercial markets because of the production of useful industrial products by using microorganisms. Today, microorganisms are being used for the production of commercially useful products, such as biofuels, pulp and paper, food, textile and detergents. To diversify the economical values, industrial biotechnology is making use of “genetically modified organisms” to enhance the efficiency of products [1]. Industrial biotechnology focuses on the production of the following products (Figure 1). Figure 1: Industrial Biotechnology. Biofuel production Biofuel production focuses on limiting greenhouse gas emission to prevent global warming, and making the environment clean of any pollution. Ethanol fuel is the most commonly used biofuel, produced by the fermentation of ethanol. Ethanol is produced by the yeast fermentation of cassava, potato, corn, and sugarcane. The production of biofuels is of economic value in agriculture sectors, thus promoting agriculture development in both rural and urban areas. Biofuels has taken over the industrial biotechnology agenda in recent years. The year 2005 has been regarded as the peak point for biofuels.

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Etanol 70% Dan 96% Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) Terhadap Candida albicans

Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) contains active compounds of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) has many benefits for human health, one of which is as an anti-fungal. In this study, the antifungal activity test of 70% ethanol extract and 96% ethanol extract of parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) was tested against Candida albicans. This research was conducted by maceration using 70% ethanol and 96% ethanol as solvents. While the anti-fungal activity used the disc diffusion method using a concentration variation of 2.5% w / v; 5% w / v and 10% w / v using the ratio of ketoconazole antibiotics. Parijoto fruit extract (Medinilla speciosa) obtained 70% (%) ethanol and 96% (%) ethanol. Ethanol 70% with a concentration of 2.5% w / v of 25.83 mm; 5% w / v was 27.03 mm and 10% w / v was 28.03 mm, while the ethanol extract of 96% parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) at a concentration of 2.5% w / v was 31.59 mm; 5% w / v of 33.24 mm and 10% w / v of 36.11 mm. The statistical results of 70% ethanol and 96% ethanol, both of which have anti-fungal activity, are not much different, as evidenced by the T-Test statistical test with a P-Value of 0.00 <0.05, because the effect of the 96% parijoto fruit compound is more effective. . The 70% ethanol extract and 96% ethanol extract of parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) can inhibit the growth of Candda albicans with a concentration of 10%. ABSTRAK Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) mengandung senyawa aktif flavonoid, tanin, saponin, glikosida. Buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) merupakan yang memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan manusia, salah satunya adalah sebagai antifungi. Dalam penelitian ini, uji aktivitas antifungi dari ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak etanol 96% buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) akan diuji terhadap Candida albicans. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70% dan etanol 96%. Sedangkan aktivitas antifungi menggunakan metode difusi cakram menggunakan variasi kosentrasi 2,5% b/v; 5% b/v dan 10% b/v dengan menggunakan perbandingan antibiotik ketokonazole. Ekstrak buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) diperoleh hasil etanol 70% (%) dan etanol 96% (%). Etanol 70% dengan konsentrasi 2,5% b/v sebesar 25,83 mm; 5% b/v sebesar 27,03 mm dan 10% b/v sebesar 28,03 mm sedangkan ekstrak etanol 96% buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) pada konsentrasi 2,5% b/v sebesar 31,59 mm; 5% b/v sebesar 33,24 mm dan 10% b/v sebesar 36,11 mm. Hasil statistik etanol 70% dan etanol 96% aktivitas antifungi keduanya memiliki aktivitas antifungi yang tidak jauh berbeda sebagaimana dibuktikan dari uji statistik T-Test dengan nilai P-Value 0,00 <0,05, karena pengaruh dari senyawa buah parijoto 96% lebih efektif. Ekstrak etanol 70% dan etanol 96% buah parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candda albicans dengan kosentrasi 10%.

Bioconversion of wood waste to bio-ethylene: A review

Bio-based ethylene produced by bioethanol dehydration is an environmentally friendly substitute for oil-based ethylene. It is a low-pollution raw material that can be used to produce high-value bio-based materials. Currently, some industrial plants use first-generation (1G) bioethanol to produce bio-ethylene. However, second-generation (2G) bioethanol is not currently used to produce bio-ethylene because the manufacturing processes are not optimized. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-ethylene involves pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates, the fermentation of sugars to ethanol, ethanol recovery by distillation, and ethanol dehydration to ethylene. This work presents a review of second-generation (2G) bio-ethylene production, analyzing the stages of the process, possible derivatives, uses, and applications. This review also contains technical, economic, and environmental considerations in the possible installation of a biorefinery in the northeast region of Argentina (NEA).

Structural Insight and in vitro Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Arabinogalactan Polysaccharides from the Peels of Punica granatum

The juice extracted from Punica granatum L. fruit has been used for ages as an important functional food that can endow with healthcare benefits besides fundamental nutritional food that we intake. Although demonstration of antioxidant activity has been shown here, the target molecule responsible for this phenomenon remains unidentified. In this present work, we report a structural insight and antioxidant activity of its polysaccharide (PF-1), purified from water extract (WE) by precipitation with ethanol, ethanol soluble fraction (PF-2) and acetone extracted fraction (PF-3). The purified polysaccharide (PF-1) contains mainly arabinose, galactose together with lesser amount of rhamnose and glucose residues, and the molecular mass was determined 180 kDa. This fraction consists of T-(1,5)- and (1,3,5)-linked Araf; T-(1,6)- and (1,3,6)-linked Galp alongside (1,2,4)-linked Rhap residues. The glucan is found to be β-(1→3)-linked glucopyranosyl residues with a molecular mass of 9 kDa. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the active fractions was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity (TAA) assays. The arabinogalactan showed the highest potential among the polysaccharides. This work involves an economically viable simple extraction method and reports promising antioxidant capacity. The studies suggest that this polysaccharide from Punica granatum L. fruit could be a natural antioxidant.

A novel method to extract juglone from Juglans mandshurica waste branches using a water-in-oil microemulsion

Pruning of Juglans mandshurica produces a lot of waste branches which are potentially rich source of juglone. However, they are usually discarded as waste. Given that, the water-in-oil microemulsion was proposed, aiming at developing a novel and efficient microemulsion-based microwave-assisted extraction（MBMAE）method. By which juglone in the Juglans mandshurica waste branches could be obtained. In our experiment, the waste branches powder was added to the MBMAE system. Under the best microemulsion system: (tween 80: n-propanol : n-hexane : water＝27% : 13.5% : 4.5% : 55%), the PH of the microemulsion solution of 5.6, microemulsion - Juglans mandshurica branches powder of 20:1 (mL/g), operating temperature of 40°C and operating time of 63 s, operating power of 400 W, the juglone yield was 4.58 mg/g. The results were that the extraction yield applying the MBMAE method were 1.86-fold and 6.65-fold that of microwave-assisted extraction applying ethanol (Ethanol-MAE) and heat reflux extraction by ethanol (Ethanol-HRE), respectively. Obviously, the MBMAE method could be used as an alternative to traditional extraction methods to extract juglone.Statement of Novelty A large number of waste branches from Juglans mandshurica pruning are often discarded as waste. Based on the concept of green development, this work proposes for the first time the extraction and utilization of juglone from the waste branches of Juglans mandshurica. However, a certain problem such as low efficiency, high cost, and complicated operation is existing in traditional extraction method for juglone. Consequently, a special microemulsion system for juglone was established for the first time, and on this basis, the application of MBMAE method to the extraction of juglone was also proposed for the first time. It provides data support for the extraction of juglone from other materials or plants.