hepatic bile
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2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 5238
Author(s):  
Roberto Cirocchi ◽  
Laura Panata ◽  
Ewen A. Griffiths ◽  
Giovanni D. Tebala ◽  
Massimo Lancia ◽  
...  

Background. To define what type of injuries are more frequently related to medicolegal claims and civil action judgments. Methods. We performed a scoping review on 14 studies and 2406 patients, analyzing medicolegal claims related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy injuries. We have focalized on three phases associated with claims: phase of care, location of injuries, type of injuries. Results. The most common phase of care associated with litigation was the improper intraoperative surgical performance (47.6% ± 28.3%), related to a “poor” visualization, and the improper post-operative management (29.3% ± 31.6%). The highest rate of defense verdicts was reported for the improper post-operative management of the injury (69.3% ± 23%). A lower rate was reported in the incorrect presurgical assessment (39.7% ± 24.4%) and in the improper intraoperative surgical performance (21.39% ± 21.09%). A defense verdict was more common in cystic duct injuries (100%), lower in hepatic bile duct (42.9%) and common bile duct (10%) injuries. Conclusions. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the most common cause of claims, associated with lower rate of defense verdict, was the improper intraoperative surgical performance. The decision to take legal action was determined often for poor communication after the original incident.


Author(s):  
Hua Guo ◽  
Jiamiao Chen ◽  
Hongxia Zhang ◽  
Jingzhi Yao ◽  
Nan Sheng ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Monique D. Appelman ◽  
Jochen M. Wettengel ◽  
Ulrike Protzer ◽  
Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink ◽  
Stan F.J. van de Graaf

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 5661-5667
Author(s):  
Jian Zhao ◽  
Yan-Li Dang ◽  
Jia-Ming Lin ◽  
Chun-Hai Hu ◽  
Zhi-Yong Yu

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (30) ◽  
pp. eabg1371
Author(s):  
Jia Wen ◽  
Gilberto Padilla Mercado ◽  
Alyssa Volland ◽  
Heidi L. Doden ◽  
Colin R. Lickwar ◽  
...  

Bile salt synthesis, secretion into the intestinal lumen, and resorption in the ileum occur in all vertebrate classes. In mammals, bile salt composition is determined by host and microbial enzymes, affecting signaling through the bile salt–binding transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (Fxr). However, these processes in other vertebrate classes remain poorly understood. We show that key components of hepatic bile salt synthesis and ileal transport pathways are conserved and under control of Fxr in zebrafish. Zebrafish bile salts consist primarily of a C27 bile alcohol and a C24 bile acid that undergo multiple microbial modifications including bile acid deconjugation that augments Fxr activity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we provide a cellular atlas of the zebrafish intestinal epithelium and uncover roles for Fxr in transcriptional and differentiation programs in ileal and other cell types. These results establish zebrafish as a nonmammalian vertebrate model for studying bile salt metabolism and Fxr signaling.


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