Cold case: The disappearance of Egypt bee virus, a fourth distinct master strain of deformed wing virus linked to honeybee mortality in 1970’s Egypt

In 1977, a sample of diseased adult honeybees (Apis mellifera) from Egypt was found to contain large amounts of a previously unknown virus, Egypt bee virus, which was subsequently shown to be serologically related to deformed wing virus (DWV). By sequencing the original isolate, we demonstrate that Egypt bee virus is in fact a fourth unique, major variant of DWV (DWV-D): more closely related to DWV-C than to either DWV-A or DWV-B. DWV-A and DWV-B are the most common DWV variants worldwide due to their close relationship and transmission by Varroa destructor. However, we could not find any trace of DWV-D in several hundred RNA sequencing libraries from a worldwide selection of honeybee, varroa and bumblebee samples. This means that DWV-D has either become extinct, been replaced by other DWV variants better adapted to varroa-mediated transmission, or persists only in a narrow geographic or host range, isolated from common bee and beekeeping trade routes.

Peluang Pelaksanaan dan Tantangan Pengembangan Hospital without Walls pada Pelayanan Kebidanan dan Kandungan di RSUD Noongan

Hospitals as the health referral facilities play an important role in decreasing the maternal mortality rate (MMR) since they also belong to the personal health service as a whole including mother child health care. This study was aimed to analyze the implementation opportunities and challenges of developing ‘hospital without walls’ program in obstetrics and gynaecology services at RSUD (Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah) Noongan. This was a qualitative study. Informants in this study were taken from three places, as follows: the hospital, namely the Director of the Hospital and obstetrician-gynaecologist doctors; puskesmas (primary health center), namely the heads of puskesmas; and the community. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct observation. The results indicated that ‘hospital without walls’ in obstetrics and gynaecology services at RSUD Noongan had the opportunity to be implemented because this program had been partly applied by the hospital and it had a good impact on the hospital, health center, and the community as well as PONED-PONEK collaboration. The challenges of imple-menting this program at RSUD Noongan were the existence of cold cases caused by gatekeeper failure, lack of health facilities and human resources at the puskesmas, and insubstantial collaboration between PONED-PONEK. In conclusion, ‘hospital without walls’ program in obste-trics and gynaecology services can be implemented at RSUD Noongan with awareness to the possible challenges in its development.Keywords: opportunity and challenge; hospital without walls; obstetrics and gynecology services Abstrak: Rumah sakit sebagai fasilitas kesehatan rujukan paripurna berperan penting dalam menurunkan angka kematian ibu (AKI) termasuk pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak (KIA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peluang pelaksanaan dan tantangan pengembangan program hospital without walls pada pelayanan kebidanan dan kandungan di RSUD Noongan. Jenis penelitian ialah kualitatif. Informan penelitian diambil dari tiga tempat yaitu: RSUD Noongan (Direktur Rumah Sakit dan dokter spesialis obstetri dan ginekologi); puskesmas (kepala puskesmas); dan masyarakat. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi langsung. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa hospital without walls pada pelayanan kebi-danan dan kandungan di RSUD Noongan berpeluang untuk dilaksanakan karena sebagian pro-gram ini telah diterapkan oleh rumah sakit dan juga berdampak baik bagi rumah sakit, puskesmas dan masyarakat, serta kolaborasi PONED-PONEK. Tantangan pelaksanaan program ini di RSUD Noongan yaitu adanya cold case yang merupakan kegagalan gatekeeper, fasilitas kesehatan dan sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang masih kurang di puskesmas, serta kolaborasi PONED-PONEK belum optimal. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah program hospital without walls pada pelayanan kebidanan dan kandungan berpeluang untuk dilaksanakan di RSUD Noongan dengan memperhatikan tantangan pengembangan.Kata kunci: peluang dan tantangan; hospital without walls; pelayanan kebidanan dan kandungan

The Murphy Murder Mystery: An Irish “post-mortem situation”

This paper will propose that Beckett’s affinity for crime and mystery fiction also contributes to Murphy. The novel will be examined on the proposed hypothesis that Murphy’s death, so-called, is conspicuously left ambiguous to a certain degree, rendering it a type of mystery narrative. Approaching the mysterious death as something like a detective fiction “cold case”, the events of Murphy, and clues left by Beckett throughout the prose that follows, I will investigate whether or not Murphy does actually die toward the end of the book. Although Beckett does not present these aspects in the traditional form of “thriller” fiction, he does use them to create a modernist aesthetic which challenges traditions, identifications of being, identity, representation and space regarding both the individual and the social context of the Irish “postmortem situation” depicted in Murphy.

Parameters calibration in rainfall induced landslides in the Langhe area (1994)

<p>In this work we have tackled as a ‘cold case’ the prolonged rainfall and flood event occurred in the Piedmont region (Northern Italy) in November 1994, when several hundreds of shallow landslides occurred. The aim is to investigate the key trigger factors of the landslides and to put some focus on the possibility to obtain calibrated parameters thanks to the use of a regional geotechnical database.</p><p>This research has been motivated by the effort to close the methodological and conceptual gap between the use of low-detail approaches, proposed to explore wide investigation domains and that of complex ones, applied to single hillslope scale, typically relying on finite elements solutions.</p><p>To achieve the above-mentioned goals, a simple model was preferred (i.e. that of Rosso, Rulli, Vannucchi, 2006), since it allowed a better check on the sensitivity of soil parameter values to the instability condition, under the assumption that these were the main sources of uncertainty.</p><p>With reference to the 1994 event, a database of 238 observed landslide has been used, for which well-documented geometries and geotechnical parameters are available.</p><p>To address the specific aim of cohesion and permeability validation, the safety factor expression from Limit Equilibrium Analysis has been targeted to assume the value 1 for all the considered slopes subjected to the actual (measured) rainfall.</p><p>The comparison between locally calibrated cohesion and permeability and the reference ones found in the database shows some differences; in particular, in several cases, safety factors quite lower than 1 have been derived, compared to those obtained using the published parameter values. The overall uncertainty resulting from this gap has been analysed for a limited (5%) number of carefully examined landslides and it will lay the foundations for subsequent, more geometrically accurate, investigations.</p>