Rhapis humilis Blume is an ornamental plant for landscaping that is widely distributed in China. In February 2020, a leaf spot disease was observed on R. humilis in a nursery shed in Zhanjiang (21.17 N, 110.18 E), Guangdong, China. The disease incidence was more than 90%. The early symptom was small water-soaked lesions, which then turned into black necrotic spots. Eventually, the individual lesions coalesced into larger ones, leading to the death of diseased leaves. Ten diseased leaves were collected from the nursery. The diseased tissues were cut into 2 × 2 mm pieces, surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s, and then rinsed three times with sterile water before pathogen isolation. The tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28°C in the dark for 4 days. Pure cultures were produced by transferring hyphal tips to new PDA plates. Three isolates (RHPH-1, RHPH-2, and RHPH-3) were obtained. The colonies of the isolates were approximately 5 cm in diameter after 7 days. They were initially whitish and later became grayish white. The NaOH testing on MEA cultures was negative. No sporulation was detected after 30 days. The fertile structures of the specimens collected in the nursery were examined. Pycnidia were globose, measured 68 to 265 × 72 to 360 µm (n = 20), and mostly embedded. Conidia were aseptate, hyaline, and ellipsoid, measuring 3.6 to 6.5 × 2.2 to 2.7 µm (n = 30). Based on the morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as in genus Phoma (Boerema et al. 2004). For molecular identification, the colony PCR method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012) was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB2), and beta-tubulin (β-tub) loci of three isolates using primer pairs ITS4/ITS5, RPB2-6F/RPB2-7R, and BT2a/BT2b, respectively (Chen et al, 2015; White et al, 1990). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS, MZ419364-MZ419366; RPB2, MZ562293-MZ562295; and β-tub, MZ562296-MZ562298). Based on BLAST analysis, the sequences of the ITS, RPB2, and β-tub all showed 100% similarity to Phoma herbarum Westend. (CBS 377.92, accession nos. KT389536 for ITS; KT389663 for RPB2; and KT389837 for β-tub). Pathogenicity testing was performed in a greenhouse with 80% relative humidity at 25 to 30°C. Ten healthy plants of R. humilis were grown in pots, with one plant in each pot. The leaves were pinpricked with sterile needles before inoculation. They were inoculated with mycelial plugs of the isolates or sterile agar plugs (as control), with four plugs for each leaf. Five plants were used in each treatment. Disease symptoms similar to those in the nursery were observed on the inoculated plants 2 weeks after inoculation, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from the symptomatic leaves and confirmed as P. herbarum by morphology and ITS analysis. P. herbarum was reported to cause leaf spot on Atractylodes lancea, Camellia sinensis, Elaeis guineensis, Lilium brownii, and Vetiveria zizanioides in China; Bituminaria bituminosa, Glycine max, Medicago sativa, and Pisum sativum in Australia; and Salvia nemorosa in Italy (Li et al. 2011; Li et al. 2012; Thangaraj et al. 2018). To our knowledge, the present study was the first to report P. herbarum causing leaf spot on R. humilis in China. P. herbarum seriously affects the supply of seedlings in R. humilis, and its epidemiology on R. humilis should be further studied.
Growth and survivorship of Vetiveria zizanioides in degraded soil by gold-mining in the Peruvian Amazon