SPELLING PRACTICE OF THE INDEPENDENCE ERA : “UKRAINIAN SPELLING” IN 1990

The given research is devoted to the formation specificity of the Ukrainian orthographic code during the Independence period. The methods of “Ukrainian spelling” of 1990 have been clarified in succession. We also logically elaborated the system of innovations within a projection on the developed tradition, standing on the basis that language changes, therefore the spelling code should adhere to the established norms, simultaneously reflecting its up-to-date condition. The focus lies in interpreting the spelling changes of 1990 and 2019, as the spelling code of 1993 did not involve drastic changes. The system of all the latest innovations is analysed in detail. They are classified according to such criteria as terms of the new spelling standards implementation (to be exact, the pronunciation and spelling of words proiekt, sviashchennyi, Sviatvechir, piv vidra, piv Kyieva, piv yashchyka, pivostriv, pivlitrovyi), alternative norms (kafedra / katedra, audytoriia / avdytoriia, Hete / Getu, Londona / Londonu, Ivanovi / Ivanevi, arkhymandryt / arkhimandryt, etc.). It is about non-alternative norms as well (they are related to spelling of parts of the word base, inflections of declension words, words of foreign origin and proper names, and usage of punctuation). Systematized material on graphics, spelling, and punctuation serves as a specific kind of guide for those who will study the dynamics of the newest spelling rules. It was proved that the spontaneous critique of the orthographic system gradually acquired a constructive point, relying not only on intra- but also on extralingual factors. The issue of the modern alphabet war in Ukraine as well as reasons for its occurrence and negative impact on the spiritual and cultural progress of our country have not remained outside the research. The “Project of the Latest Edition of the Ukrainian Orthography” was logically accentuated. It made a great impression on society, though was not legitimized. The emphasis is on the fact that one of the current priorities lies in creating a single spelling model for Ukrainians within mainland Ukraine and in the diaspora. We are confident on the point it will function as an important consolidating factor of the nation.

Development of ESG Banking in Russia

Aim. The presented study aims to assess the current state of the banking sector of the economy and its potential for the development of ESG banking and implementation of ESG standards.Tasks. The authors analyze the current level of ESG standards implementation and the banks’ readiness to further implement ESG standards.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to analyze the problems and obstacles that arise during ESG standards implementation in banking practice.Results. The banking community’s participation in the funding of sustainable development projects is selective rather than overarching, with banks choosing individual banking products. Reports marginally trace their participation in lending to business projects related to the circular economy of various industries.Conclusions. The special place of the banking sector in the national economy and its interaction with the real sector of the economy offer great potential for the development of ESG standards, making it possible to introduce ESG technologies both in banking activities and in their active promotion to other sectors of the economy through customers, thereby accelerating the transition towards a circular economy in Russia. The strength of the Russian banking system has been tested in recent years, and it embraces the formation of new rules of economic behavior. By overcoming existing obstacles, banks will be able to switch to ESG standards in the coming years, thus becoming pioneers in doing business based on the principles of environmental, social, and managerial responsibility.

Biodiversity Evaluation: From Endorsed Indexes to Inclusion of a Pollinator Indicator

There is increasing interest in evaluating biodiversity to preserve ecosystem services. Researchers can sustain policymakers by providing tools, such as indexes and indicators, that need constant implementation to become accepted standards. Implementation may vary from re-evaluation of existing indicators to introduction of new ones based on emerging threats to biodiversity. With the aim of contributing to the compelling need to estimate and counterbalance pollinator loss, we screened existing bioindicators. We first selected indexes/indicators applied to agricultural contexts and concurrently endorsed by a regulatory agency. We then extended our analysis to indexes/indicators based on arthropod taxa and formally recognized at least by national bodies. Our procedure identified a combination of surveys of various animal taxa and remote landscape analyses (e.g., using a GIS and other cartographic tools). When the animals are arthropods, most indexes/indicators can only address confined environments (e.g., grasslands, riversides). Indicator strength was improved by the simultaneous inclusion of biotic and abiotic components. Pollinator sensitivity to changes at micro-habitat level is widely appreciated and may help distinguish agricultural practices. A biodiversity index based on pollinators, including a wide monitoring scheme supplemented by citizen science, is currently fostered at the European level. The results obtained using such an index may finally enable focusing of strategic funding. Our analysis will help to reach this goal.

ANALISIS STANDAR PENILAIAN PENDIDIKAN

Educational Assessment Standards ar ethe criteria regarding mechanisms, the procedures and instruments for assessing student learning outcomes. According to BSNP, the standardized assessment conducted by educators are to include general standards, planning standards, implementation standards, processing and reporting standards for assessment results as well as standards for the use of the assessment results. Each of these standards contained the principles and criteria established by the BSNP. Meanwhile, the assessment of learning outcomes carried out by educational units contains two main standards that must be considered, namely: the standard for determining class promotion and the standard for terminating graduation

Comparison of Smart City Standards, Implementation and Cluster Models of Cities in North America and Europe

Sustainability in Smart Cities is a current and trendy topic in a global sense. The primary impetus for writing this article was to create a general implementation model for the smart governance of European Smart Cities based on the American best practice. The ambition is to be able to modify the generally created model to meet the local conditions of all countries. The aim of the article is to point out the essential elements and differences between the implementation standards, models and clusters in the cities of North America and Europe, including their benefits and limitations. This article compared standards, implementation and cluster models for Smart Cities in North America and Europe through a secondary analysis from Arcadis and IDC consultants, standards agencies, and relevant sources. In addition, comparisons and summaries of the results were used. The results of this article point out the fundamental differences between the American and European approaches to building Smart Cities. American models are more centrist-oriented to people and complex in their simplicity, thus achieving a higher degree of reputation. Europeans are less consistent and top-down oriented. The new model will make European Smart Cities more focused on the needs and expectations of all stakeholders. The main results of this article are the answers to the research questions and the general implementation model, the verification of which will take place in practice in the future.