Explanation and Understanding as Methods of Historical and Biographical Cognition

Traditionally, explanation is considered to be the method of natural sciences and understanding to be the method of humanities. However, this paper considers both to be methods of history. Namely, the author focuses on how explanation and understanding function in history in general and in biography in particular. Referring to biographical realm helps explicate the specifics of explanation and understanding as well as broaden the view about their uses in humanities. In the first part, the author refers to explanation and understanding in history as such. In particular, causal explanation (explanatory sketch by Karl Hempel) and rational explanation (history of ideas by Mark Bevir) are considered in the paper along with the relationship of hermeneutic notion of understanding with the two. The second part of the paper deals with the functioning of explanation and understanding in biographical research. Namely, it considers biographical understanding by Tilmann Habermas and Neşe Hatiboğlu as well as cases of causal and rational explanations in biographical research. In particular, it is shown that while causal explanation occurs in biography as explanatory sketch, it is not a separate distinct notion. It is also shown that rational explanation is used in biographical reconstructions in order to clarify the influence of particular events on beliefs of people. Based on the materials involved, the author demonstrates the specifics of explanation and understanding in biography compared to their usage in historical cognition in general.

FORMULY ODPUSTENIA, PREPÁČENIA A OSPRAVEDLNENIA V PRAGMATICKÝCH SÚVISLOSTIACH1

This study interprets the forgiveness, pardon and apology formulas in pragmatic contexts. We focus on (a) their interpretation from the perspective of primary and secondary use and on (b) the discoursive success of verb-noun collocations, i.e. collocations of the apologetic verbs and nouns with a common attribute of ‘transgression’. We start from the position of the speaker who presents himself/herself as either the offending or the damaged party. In the role of the offender, he/she either makes an apologetic utterance to the addressee, or asks/begs for an apology, pardon or forgiveness. In the role of the damaged, he/she conveys forgiveness and/or lack thereof, or excuse and/or lack thereof, to the interlocutor. The study focuses on the use of cooperation and politeness strategies (in particular the maxims of generosity and tactfulness) and the public face (we anticipate that the speaker awaits an ‘egocentric’ attitude). The formulas of secondary apologies will be interpreted as a specific politeness strategy that reflects the emphatic nature of the speaker toward the addressee and maximizes speaker's tactfulness. We will show that the Slovak language possesses these functionally supported formulaic and ritualized formulas: phatic and reconciliation formulas, formulas with the ‘lack of understanding’ function, reservations and warnings. The discoursive success of the verb-noun collocations will be identified through correspondence analysis, which renders a correspondence map showing the perimeters of mental apologetic zones in the Slovak language.

Pengertian, Fungsi, dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Pendidikan

This article aims to describe the understanding, function, and leadership style. In this article, the author uses the method of studying literature by collecting literature (material materials) sourced from books, journals, and other sources related to knowledge about understanding, function, and leadership style and then concludes all the material or material obtained by developing it in the form of new knowledge or insight. Leadership is the attitude and behavior to influence subordinates so that they are able to work together so that they can work more efficiently and effectively to achieve work productivity figures as specified. Leadership styles can be divided into: authoritarian, democratic, liberal, laissez faire, and others.

Pengertian, Fungsi dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Pendidikan

This article with the subject of Educational Leadership aims for all activities that support the achievement of educational goals. With Educational Leadership used in education, efforts can be made to achieve educational goals. The method used in writing this article is the method of studying literature, where before making an article, we need a good source of books, as well as other materials related to Educational Leadership, after gathering material we need to read and understand to create a new definition developed by the author. Then the authors develop an understanding of the understanding, function, and leadership style of the school principal.

konsep dasar administrasi pendidikan

This article describes the basic concepts of education that contain the understanding, function, goals, and also the understanding space of education administration

kepemimpinan pendidikan

This article discusses the understanding, function and leadership style of the principal

Librarians’ Mental Models and Use of Privacy-Protection Technologies

Libraries of all kinds are uniquely positioned to educate and advocate for the use of privacy-protection technologies (PPT) by our patrons and in our communities; this naturally extends our decades-long mission to protect our patrons’ privacy in both digital and physical library environments. In pursuit of building an understanding of the challenges to expanding such work, this research study assesses librarians’ existing technical knowledge of the internet’s function, and their current use and understanding of a series of popular PPT. This research study begins to close the gap in research by building our knowledge of practicing librarians’ underlying assumptions about the function of the internet and how these internal models are employed in their understanding and use of PPT. Research study participants were asked to draw and explain their perception of the functioning of the internet, to use several PPT, and to explain the protections afforded by each technology. The findings indicate that participants maintained inaccurate mental models of the internet and PPT, leading to difficulties in understanding function, and that they struggled with organizational and technical barriers to integrating such technologies into their daily lives.