POLA PERUBAHAN FONEM VOKAL DAN KONSONAN KATA SERAPAN DARI BAHASA JEPANG KE DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA

This research is purposed to determine the pattern of phoneme which changed in Indonesian loanwords which derived from Japanese. This research based on descriptive qualitative analysis method. The data source of this research is article from Kompas news online website which uploaded from January until October 2020. There are 67 data which classified to the pattern of phoneme that changed based on theory of vowels and consonant from Marsono and for Japanese vowels and consonant using theory from Sudjianto and Dahidi. There are 3 patterns of phoneme that changed in Indonesian loanwords which derived from Japanese found from this research: the pattern from one vowel change, the pattern from one vowel and one consonant change, and the pattern from one consonant change. The further research through big data such as corpus based research might be needed to find another variations of this pattern.

OSSETIC PREVERBS

Хотя термин «преверб» не получил широкого распространения, он используется в лингвистике кавказцев (включая все три семейства: северо-западных, северо-кавказских и картвельских), каддоанской, атабаскской и алгонкинской лингвистике для описания определенных элементов, предшествующих глаголам. В контексте индоевропейских языков этот термин обычно используется для отделяемых префиксов глаголов. Превербы, изначальная функция которых состоит в выражении пространственных связей, были предметом рассмотрения в ряде исследований по осетинскому языку. Особое значение традиционно придается морфологическим, семантическим и фонетическим процессам, сопровождающим стадию словообразования, когда основы глаголов сливаются с превербами. Фонологические явления иллюстрируются различными процессами, происходящими в иронском и дигорском вариантах осетинского языка. В основном они встречаются на стыке морфемы и включают эпентезу в форме согласного или полугласного, изменение гласного и геминацию начального согласного или полугласного в инициальной позиции в глагольной основе. Развитие дейктической функции наречий имеет типологическое сходство с грузинским: аспектные глагольные префиксы, возникшие из наречных частиц с функцией направления. Горизонтальный и вертикальный дейксис, а также экстравертный (ориентированный от говорящего) и интровертный (ориентированный на говорящего) дейксисы различаются в осетинском языке и сопоставимы с грузинским. Критически рассмотрено количество превербов, и было предложено выделить в качестве предглаголов восемь элементов в иронском варианте и семь в дигорском варианте. Рассматриваются пространственные и грамматические (точнее: аспектные) функции превербов, а также функционирование исторических и непродуктивных превербов. Эта работа является первой частью обширного труда по осетинским превербам. The preverbs, the original function of which is to express spatial bonds, have been studied in a number of the researches on the Ossetic language. Special importance is traditionally attached to morphological, semantic, and phonetic processes which accompany the derivational stage, when verb stems merge with preverbs. The phonological phenomena is illustrated through the differing processes which occur in the Iron and Digor variants of the Ossetic language. Mainly they occur at the morpheme border and include epenthesis in form of consonant or semi-vowel, vowel change and gemination of the verb's initial consonant or semi-vowel. The development of the deictic function of the preverbs has a typological similarity to Georgian: aspectual verbal prefixes developed from adverbial particles with a directional function. The horizontal and vertical deixis, as well as extrovertive (oriented away from the speaker), and introvertive (oriented to the speaker), are distinct in Ossetic and are comparable with Georgian. The number of preverbs is critically reviewed and it has been suggested to identify as preverbs eight elements in the Iron and seven in Digor variants, their spatial and grammatical (more precisely: aspectual) functions are discussed as well as their functionality with in terms of historical and unproductive preverbs. This work is the first part of a broad work on Ossetic preverbs. It displays topics such as the phonological phenomena that are caused by the preverbs, tmesis where elements stand between the preverb and the word stem, compound verbs and the spatial functions of the preverbs, also known as orienṭacia.

Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual productions of the English past tense in Arabic heritage speakers of Australian English

This paper examines cross-linguistic influence in morphology among adult monolingual and heritage speakers (Arabic-English and Chinese-English). Participants performed a task requiring them to form past tenses for English nonce words. Arabic-English bilinguals produced significantly more vowel change past tenses than either English monolinguals or Chinese-English bilinguals. We attribute the preponderance of vowel change past tenses to cross-linguistic influence of Arabic, as vowel change is a dominant morphological property in Arabic but not in English or Chinese. These results support dynamic models of bilingualism with constantly active and interacting languages and contribute to the phenomenology of crosslinguistic interference.

Vowel change across time, space, and conversational topic: the use of localized features in former mining communities

This study focuses on speakers who continue to use forms that are recessive in a community, and the phonological and conversational contexts in which recessive forms persist. Use of a local, recessive form is explored across males from four ex-mining communities in Northeast England. Older speakers, who lived in the area when the mines were open, frequently produce the localized variant of the mouth vowel, especially in speech produced during conversation about the locally resonant topic of mining, and, most frequently, in communities closest to the location with which the form is associated. Conversely, speakers born since the loss of mining and with little connection to the industry hardly produce the local form in any community or conversational topic. Exploring conversational topic provides evidence for the connections between shifting social contexts and sound change, specifically that speakers retain otherwise recessive features in speech concerning topics which are locally resonant to them.

The Affix Changes from Middle English to Modern English Found In The Miller's Tale Written by Geoffrey Chaucer and Its Modern English Version

The history of English language has three periods of time; Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. The linguistic forms in English development are different each period. This research aims to find out one of the changes, that is, the affix changes from Middle English to Modern English form that found in both of The Miller’s Tale Story Middle English and Modern English versions. This research also aims to find out the spelling changes in affixes. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data, which are the collection of words that have affixes found in The Miller’s Tale, were identified based on the base of the words and its affixes and its were classified based on the type of its functions. Based on data analysis, there are seven affixes in Middle English which have been changed in Modern English form. These changes occur in the deletion of vowel, change of vowel, substitution of the affix, and elimination of the affix. The spelling change also influenced the change in suffixes. Some of the vocabularies change into the new words and some of the words change only in its vowel.

The Realization of Intensifiers in Banyumas Dialect

Linguistic provides a set of devices to express referential and affective functions. Intensifier as a linguistic device is generally found in all languages and it has various linguistic forms. In Banyumas dialect, a substandard of Javanese language, intensifier is basically used to intensify something. Banyumas dialect or Banyumasan is primarily spoken along Serayu River. Banyumas dialect is different from Javanese language in respect of phonological features and lexical items. Speakers express their intensity by using several linguistic devices including lexical items and reduplication. General lexical items consist of bangѐt and pisan. bangѐt and pisan experience degree of modification as they are attached to non-binary properties predicate. Specific lexical items include rea, regeng, leder, njilep, cirut, lecit, kecu, kethuwek. Reduplication is realized into full reduplication and partial reduplication. Partial reduplication employs reduplication with vowel change and reduplication of the final syllable of the stem. Grammaticalization happens to Partial reduplication with vowel change. Data is gathered from 250 recorded conversations between male and female speakers containing intensifiers. As intensifier is among the most rapid of linguistic element, this article reveals the realization of intensifiers in Banyumas dialect.

Change and stability ingoose,goatandfoot:back vowel dynamics in Carlisle English

In this article, I demonstrate thatgoose-fronting is taking place in Carlisle, a city in the north-west of England, and I provide detailed information about this change. The results show that similarly strong linguistic constraints are found in this variety and other varieties. A second point of discussion is the dynamics betweengooseand other back vowels, i.e.goatandfoot, in this community. I argue that we also need to study the most adjacent back vowels in order to understand the complexity of this vowel change and the influence on nearby vowels. The data stem from interviews conducted in Carlisle between 2007 and 2010 and show that whilegooseis fronting across apparent time, forgoatandfootno change in progress is observable. These dynamics seem to be geographically restricted to the north-west of England. While a parallel shift ofgooseandgoatis very common in US and southern English varieties, the fronting ofgoatis not found in this northern variety. This lack of change is due to the monophthongal realisation of thegoatvowel which prevents a parallel shift. Similarly, the fronting offootseems to be blocked due to the lack of thefoot–strutsplit.