Gravitation Ever Since and Forever

This work presents a new approach to gravitation. Instead of seeing mass as a source of gravitation, the opposite is assumed here. Namely, gravitation has been there first and ever since. Masses were brought into the game later, following highly energetic interactions between electromagnetic fields (photons), with the gravitation field. These interactions resulted in photon annihilation and pair (or jets) production processes. Though pair production is forbidden kinematically in an empty space, itis allowed when the interaction of an incoming photon with gravitation field occurs. Quantum fluctuations in the gravitation field create very intense geometrical distortions in spacetime which in turn allows for photons to undergo momentum changes in favor of pair production processes.

A straightforward and Lagrangian proof of the Einsteinian equivalence between the mass and the inernal energy (i.e. rest energy)

I propose a Lagrangian proof of Einstein's well-known law that the mass of any system is its internal energy. The interest of this proof is to show how the distinction between internal degrees of freedom and the center of mass appears in the Lagrangian formalism. Considering that the Lagrangian depends on a particular set of variables for the internal degree of freedom, I show in a standard Lagrangian way how one can naturally find the desired law. This proof does not use the tensors of energy-momentum and can be easily used by students familiar with Lagrangian mechanics and the basis of Special Relativity. I apply the method for the particles and for the field, using the scalar field for simplification but it is easy to generalize for other fields (containing only the first derivative in Lagrangian). I give the example for the gravitation field. The method permits us to observe a strong relation between the Einstein’s E=mc² law and his other famous law of the time dilation. I carefully analyze the meaning of the particular choice of the variable and showing a sort of a modified speed addition formula without contradicting, of course, the one of Einstein (& Poincaré). I also try to untangle, with this point of view, the relation between the mass and the origin of the energy scale. Finally I analyze the reason why in Newtonian mechanic we don’t have a such law. In the annex I give some elements of the Hamiltonian analysis checking again the coherence of the particular set of variables and I apply this way of thinking to the old Lorentz-Poincaré model of the electron (useful for an explicit classical renormalization of the mass).

A straightforward and Lagrangian proof of the Einsteinian equivalence between the mass and the inernal energy (i.e. rest energy) V2

I propose a Lagrangian proof of Einstein's well-known law that the mass system is its internal energy. The interest of this proof is to show how the distinction between internal degrees of freedom and the center of mass appears in the Lagrangian formalism. Considering that the Lagrangian depends on a particular set of variables for the internal degree of freedom, I show in a standard Lagrangian way how one can naturally find the desired law. This proof does not use the tensors of energy-momentum and can be easily used by students familiar with Lagrangian mechanics and the basis of special relativity. I apply the method for the particles and for the field, using the scalar field for simplification but it is easy to generalize for other fields (containing only the first derivative in Lagrangian). I give the example for the gravitation field. The method permits us to observe a strong relation between the Einstein’s E=mc² law and his other famous law of the time dilatation. I carefully analyze the meaning of the particular choice of the variable and showing a sort of a modified speed addition formula without contradicting, of course, the one of Einstein (& Poincaré). I also try to untangle (for myself at least) the relation between the mass and the origin of the energy scale. Finally I analyze the reason why in Newtonian mechanic we don’t have a such law. In future complement I will apply this way of thinking in the toy model of the electron (useful for an explicit classical renormalization of the mass) and the effective description of a complex system in term of a particle in order to better understand the passage from this 2 forms of description often used but never really explained.

Нeat transfer processes in the gas placed into a newtonian gravitation field

In this paper, using the theoretical and numerical investigation of molecular motion, we study heat transfer processes in the gas placed in a Newtonian gravitational field. The influence of gravity on the heat conductivity of the gas is analyzed. The gravity considered is more than 100 000 times higher than that of the Earth. The main differences of the gas heat conductivity under such high gravity from the one detected under normal gravity are demonstrated and explained. It is shown how the thermal equilibrium for the heat conductivity of the gas depends on gravity and the type of gas. The difference between natural gravity and the centrifugal force is discussed. It is shown how the gas density influences the thermal equilibrium for the heat conductivity under a strong centrifugal force. The convective heat transfer in the gas placed into a gravitational or centrifugal field is analyzed. It is shown that the thermal equilibrium of the convective heat transfer under intensive gravity is not the same as under normal gravity. The horizontal convection mechanism is discussed. A technical way of the realization of gravity thermal effects in the gas is represented. All necessary parameters of the experimental setup are given.

Equilibrium of Invisible Hand in the Family: the Gravitation between Men and Women in Marriage Markets

The proof of the Invisible hand describes the inner market mechanism, which leads the producer to the meeting point with the uninformed consumer, where the price and the meeting time provide the maximization of the output on the consumption-leisure production possibility frontier and unintentionally maximize the buyer’s consumption-leisure utility. This mechanism also works in marriage markets where the Invisible hand corrects the misleading information. The paper confirms G. S. Becker’s assumption that more beautiful, charming, and talented women tend to marry wealthier and more successful men but refutes his conclusion that such marriage maximizes the aggregate output. The high male productivity really attracts women because it produces a strong male gravitation field. But the marriage of a very productive man to a beautiful woman fails because it represents for a beautiful woman a corner solution. The man’s wealth, accumulated before the marriage, as well the bride price reinforces this disequilibrium. A dowry can also result in a disequilibrium because it gives time for a man to look for another partner. The paper argues that the quality of men is determined not by their productivity as such but by the trade-off between the productivity and their ability to provide household services on the family consumption-leisure production possibility frontier. The quality of women is determined by the trade-off between household activity and efforts to support her natural female attractiveness. The invisible hand equilibrium represents something close to the mating of unlikes but with some peculiarities. The woman’s ability to provide household services substitutes the man’s household activity but it complements his gender-related quality of productivity. A housewife raises the productivity of her husband; she increases his attractiveness and reinforces his gravitation field at the expense of her own attractiveness and her gravitation field but only this way she maximizes her consumption-leisure utility. Polygamy also represents the invisible hand equilibrium but in this case the equal distribution of wealth between wives is followed by unequal distribution of household activities when some wives spend less time in the kitchen but more leisure time with the husband because they are more attractive. In monogamy, the woman’s strong gravitation field produces the phenomenon of the ‘tragedy of a femme fatale’. Her alliance with a wealthy man comes to the corner solution; she needs more attention of her husband but with that she decreases his gravitational field, and he becomes less interesting to her. The loss of male attractiveness results in the short time horizon of the equilibrium determined by the invisible hand.

Polystructural organization of a landscape: geophysical analysis of geosystems synergy

Эмпирические концепции ландшафтоведения в рамках геофизической парадигмы позволяют ассимилировать физические законы для описания структуры и функционирования геосистем. Исследованы южно-таежные ландшафты конечно-моренной зоны Валдайского оледенения на территории Национального парка «Валдайский». Геоструктуры описываются с помощью параметров силовых геофизических полей – поля силы тяжести и поля инсоляции, которые можно получить на основе морфометрии цифровых моделей рельефа и цифровых данных космической съемки. Выбор небольшого числа главных параметров с ясным физическим смыслом проводится в соответствии с классическими определениями. Обоснование числа и значимости параметров состояния элементарных пикселей и геосистем осуществляется при анализе результатов численного моделирования структуры ландшафтов. Методом дихотомической группировки элементов поверхности рельефа по параметрам состояния (высота, уклон, горизонтальная и вертикальная кривизна, доза прямой солнечной радиации, NDVI) реализован типологический подход к классификации природно-территориальных комплексов (по принципу однородности) и получена структура ландшафтов на уровне урочищ. С другой стороны, функциональный подход позволил построить иерархию водосборных геосистем по морфометрическим параметрам, описывающим перераспределение воды в поле гравитации – уклонам, удельной площади водосбора, горизонтальной и вертикальной кривизне. Все классификации строятся на единой базе данных и могут использоваться для разных прикладных задач. Приводится пример расчета скоростей стока поверхностных вод и на их основе – зонирование водосборных геосистем по времени добегания до контрольных створов. Таким образом, формальный алгоритм выделения наименьших и иерархических единиц поверхности рельефа на основе параметров состояния приобретает фундаментальный геофизический смысл. Понятие полиструктурности ландшафта в этом случае является абсолютно логичным: выбирая те или иные физически содержательные структурообразующие процессы и их параметры, можно реализовать разные классификации ландшафтов, необходимые в прикладных задачах. Empirical concepts of physical geography enable us to apply the physical laws to describe the landscape structure and functioning. The finitely morainic landscapes of the Valdai Glaciation on the National Park “Valdaisky” territory were investigated. A development of geostructures identified by classical landscape analysis can be described by the parameters of power geophysical fields, mainly gravitation and insolation fields. Selection of a small number of main parameters with extremely clear physical meaning is carried out in accordance with the classical definitions of landscape science. Justification of the number and importance of parameters of elementary pixels and geosystems is carried out when analyzing the results of numerical simulation of the structure of landscapes. Using the method of dichotomic grouping of the relief surface elements by the state parameters (height, slope, horizontal and vertical curvature, dose of direct solar radiation, NDVI), the typological approach to the classification of the natural-territorial complexes (according to homogeneity principle) was realized and the structure of landscapes at a level of natural boundaries was obtained. On the other hand, the functional approach allowed to construct the hierarchy of the water-collecting geosystems by morphometic parameters describing the water redistribution in the gravitation field – slopes, drainage factor, horizontal and vertical curvature. All the classifications are constructed on the single base of data and can be used for different applied tasks. An example of calculating the surface water flow rate is presented and, on their basis, a zoning of the water-collecting geosystems, using the flow time to the control sections. If one uses these parameters the formal mathematical algorithm for identification of elementary and hierarchical units of landforms acquires fundamental geophysical interpretation. In this case the concept of landscape patterns multiplicity is quite relevant. By choosing these or other physical parameters and structure-forming processes we have the opportunity to perform various landscape classifications needed in the applied tasks.

Non-Abelian Gravitoelectromagnetism and Applications at Finite Temperature

Studies about a formal analogy between the gravitational and the electromagnetic fields lead to the notion of Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM) to describe gravitation. In fact, the GEM equations correspond to the weak-field approximation of the gravitation field. Here, a non-abelian extension of the GEM theory is considered. Using the Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD) formalism to introduce temperature effects, some interesting physical phenomena are investigated. The non-abelian GEM Stefan-Boltzmann law and the Casimir effect at zero and finite temperatures for this non-abelian field are calculated.

Рост кристаллов при спонтанной кристаллизации в неинерциальных системах в условиях космической станции и в условиях Земли на примере синтеза и роста кристаллов CrSi-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- из раствора-расплава Zn

The effect of the terrestrial gravitation field on crystal growth from a solution–melt during spontaneous crystallization is considered, taking into account that the space station (SS) and a laboratory at the Earth, in which the crystallization processes occur, are a noninertial system. It is shown that the specific feature that distinguishes the crystal growth in the terrestrial conditions is the pressure in the melt caused by the supporting force (the Newton third law). This pressure is absent at SS, and this fact leads to an increase in the unit cell of the melt that undergoes the first-order phase transition. As a result, the crystals grown at the SS have larger sizes than the same crystals grown in terrestrial conditions. They also exhibit an excess stress, the value of which is equal to the support pressure, which is absent at the SS. This situation is compared to the experimental data on growing CrSi_2 crystals from a solution–melt in Zn of the Cr–Si–Zn system.