Fermentation of liquid feed with lactic acid bacteria reduces dry matter losses, lysine breakdown, formation of biogenic amines and phytate-phosphorus

ABSTACT This study investigated the fermentation of liquid feed for pigs and the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) supplementation on fermentation rate, dry matter losses (DML), formation of biogenic amines and degradation of phytate-P. The basal substrate in all three in-vitro batch experiments consisted of 50% canola meal, 25% wheat, and 25% barley. The mixed substrates were adjusted to a dry matter (DM) content of 28.4% and fermented in 1L-vessels at 37° C for 24 h. Experiment 1 focused on changes in pH profiles over time. Treatments were: (1) liquid feed without additive (control) and (2) liquid feed supplemented with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactobacillus lactis (adLAB) at 2.0 × 10 5 CFU/g liquid feed (wet wt.; n = 8). Substrate pH was measured every 2 h. Experiment 2 focused on DML and the impact of fermentation on phytate-P. Treatments were identical to experiment 1 (control and adLAB; n = 8). Measured parameters included concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and phytate-P, and DML after 24 h of fermentation. Counts of molds, Enterobobacteriaceae, yeasts and LAB were determined in one combined sample of all replicates. Dry matter losses were lower in LAB supplemented fermentations (5.89%) compared to the control (11.8%; P < 0.001). Supplementation with LAB reduced the phytate-P content (2.66 g/kg DM) compared to the control (3.07 g/kg DM; P = 0.002). Experiment 3 evaluated DML and the impact of fermentation on formation of biogenic amines. Treatments were: (1) control, (2) adLAB (2.0 × 10 5 CFU LAB/g liquid feed), (3) adLys (0.60% DM supplemented lysine) and (4) adLAB+Lys (combination of adLAB and adLys; n = 8). The fermentation of adLys resulted in a nearly complete breakdown of supplemented lysine, while only 10% of supplemented lysine was lost in adLAB+Lys. Furthermore, all adLys samples tested positive for cadaverine (mean concentration 0.89% DM), while no adLAB samples contained cadaverine above the detection limit (P < 0.001). Results indicate that DML is reduced in fermentations supplemented with homofermentative LAB. Fermentation of liquid feed with homofermentative LAB can effectively reduce the degradation of supplemental lysine, and has the potential to further improve P availability.

‘Stranger to Relate yet Wonderfully True’

Building on the preceding chapter’s effort to study war and territorial conquest from the vantage point of peninsular India, this chapter focuses on the Madras presidency at war against the sultans of Mysore (1780–4). In stark contrast to the muted resistance offered by the civilian government of Bombay, when confronted with a vastly expanded military challenge, the Madras civilian power completely imploded. The belligerent Governor George Macartney struggled to wrest control against encroachments over his civilian authority from military commanders, an overweening Bengal administration and the inveterate hostility of the rulers of Mysore. These fissiparous struggles were not merely confined to the high politics of colonial administration. Ideologues like Henry Malcolm argued for the complete inversion of the ideology of civilian control of the military, especially for the local administration in Madras presidency. Taken together—the complete breakdown of civil–military relations at the highest levels of the Madras presidency and the view from the margins of local administration—the experiment of placing the military well above and beyond the civilian components of early colonial rule had taken deep roots in peninsular India.

Ensemble interaction in indeterminate music

Examining ensemble interaction in the music of experimental composer Christian Wolff, this chapter uses as a case study a professional recording session undertaken by the ensemble Apartment House of <em>Exercises</em> (1973–2013), a series of pieces for (mostly) unspecified instrumentation and numbers of players. Wolff’s skeletal notation is deliberately under-determined, acting like something of a puzzle to be solved. Consequently, the players must negotiate a way of working with the notation and with each other, making decisions prior to, and during, the moment of performance. Drawing on interviews and observational studies, the chapter identifies three different forms of interaction in the musicians’ playing as they engaged with Wolff’s notation: working responsively, independently, and emergently. The chapter offers a view of ensemble interaction that is characterized by cooperation, but also uncertainty, surprise, or even complete breakdown.

Revision and Extension of a Generally Applicable Group-Additivity Method for the Calculation of the Standard Heat of Combustion and Formation of Organic Molecules

The calculation of the heats of combustion DH°c and formation DH°f of organic molecules at standard conditions is presented using a commonly applicable computer algorithm based on the group-additivity method. This work is a continuation and extension of an earlier publication. The method rests on the complete breakdown of the molecules into their constituting atoms, these being further characterized by their immediate neighbor atoms. The group contributions are calculated by means of a fast Gauss–Seidel fitting calculus using the experimental data of 5030 molecules from literature. The applicability of this method has been tested by a subsequent ten-fold cross-validation procedure, which confirmed the extraordinary accuracy of the prediction of DH°c with a correlation coefficient R2 and a cross-validated correlation coefficient Q2 of 1, a standard deviation σ of 18.12 kJ/mol, a cross-validated standard deviation S of 19.16 kJ/mol, and a mean absolute deviation of 0.4%. The heat of formation DH°f has been calculated from DH°c using the standard enthalpies of combustion for the elements, yielding a correlation coefficient R2 for DH°f of 0.9979 and a corresponding standard deviation σ of 18.14 kJ/mol.

Principal component analysis technique for early fault detection

Online condition monitoring and predictive maintenance are crucial for the safe operation of equipments. This paper highlights an unsupervised statistical algorithm based on principal component analysis (PCA) for the predictive maintenance of industrial induced draft (ID) fan. The high vibration issues in ID fans cause the failure of the impellers and, sometimes, the complete breakdown of the fan-motor system. The condition monitoring system of the equipment should be reliable and avoid such a sudden breakdown or faults in the equipment. The proposed technique predicts the fault of the ID fan-motor system, being applicable for other rotating industrial equipment, and also for which the failure data, or historical data, is not available. The major problem in the industry is the monitoring of each and every machinery individually. To avoid this problem, three identical ID fans are monitored together using the proposed technique. This helps in the prediction of the faulty part and also the time left for the complete breakdown of the fan-motor system. This helps in forecasting the maintenance schedule for the equipment before breakdown. From the results, it is observed that the PCA-based technique is a good fit for early fault detection and getting alarmed under fault condition as compared with the conventional methods, including signal trend and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis.

How do Potential Applicants Make Sense of Employer Brands?

The aim of this paper is to investigate processes of subjective employer brand interpretations. We draw on the first-person perspectives of sought-after applicants who articulated their thoughts while being exposed to employer brand material and on subsequent in-depth interviews with the study participants about their assessments of the various employers’ attractiveness. Sensemaking as a theoretical framework to understand meaning-making in processes of actors’ engagement with artifacts is employed to analyze this qualitative data. Based on our empirical findings, we present a process model that illustrates how potential applicants make sense of employer brands. This dominant sensemaking journey includes three different stages: exploring the employer brand material, constructing a plausible employer image and assessing employer attractiveness. However, this trajectory is neither the only possible way nor completely linear and predictable since deviations, particularly the complete breakdown of making sense of employer brand material, are possible.

Neoliberalism, Liberal Intergovernmentalism and EU–Turkey Relations

This chapter investigates and explains EU–Turkey relations from the perspective of Liberal Intergovernmentalism (LI). After setting out the main premises of neoliberalism in International Relations (IR) and the three-step approach to integration espoused by LI, the chapter focuses on EU–Turkey relations over time, and by the use of concrete forms of cooperation, ranging from the Customs Union to Turkey’s membership application and the EU–Turkey Statement on migration. Based on this analysis, I argue that the transactional, issue-specific character EU–Turkey relations have assumed are unlikely to go away any time soon. Neither Turkey’s full EU accession nor a complete breakdown of relations is likely to happen, given the set of powerful economic interests binding the two sides, as well as the diversity of member states’ preferences regarding Turkey’s EU vocation.

The Impact of Apathetic Disorders on the Quality of Life of Patients after Ischemic Stroke

Introduction. Strokes often cause dysfunctions in the reception and transmission of speech, which may be aphasia or dysarthria. These disorders can lead to disability, which imposes limitations on the patient, even leads to a complete breakdown of roles and social bonds. Aim. The main aim of the study was to assess the impact of the type and degree of apathetic disorders on the quality of life of patients after ischemic stroke. Material and Methods. The research was carried out at the Neurological Department of the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Włocławek. On average 68 patients with apathetic disorders and diagnosed ischemic stroke were qualified for the study. The study was conducted using the method of diagnostic survey. It consisted in the assessment of patients using the generally available SODA diagnostic tool — the Aphasia Dynamics Assessment Scale and a standardized tool, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire by Krystyna Jaracz. Results. When assessing the impact of the degree of aphasia on the quality of life, a statistically significant difference was observed in the overall quality of life in patients with complete (p = 0.012), significant (p = 0.012) and moderate (p = 0.031) aphasia. In self-assessment of health status, a statistically significant difference was found only in patients with complete aphasia (p = 0.048). In the physical, psychological and environmental domains, a statistically significant differences was observed in patients with severe aphasia (p = 0.05). Conclusions. The type and degree of apathetic disorders has been shown to affect the quality of life of patients. Each type of aphasia worsens the overall quality of life, and in addition, motor and sensory aphasia negatively affects functioning in the psychological field. It has also been shown that the more advanced the degree of apathetic disorders, the worse the overall quality of life, self-esteem of health, and worse physical, psychological and environmental functioning. (JNNN 2020;9(3):108–113) Key Words: apathetic disorders, ischemic stroke, quality of life

Augusta Treverorum Vulgaris: Linguistic Change and Cultural Integration in the Vulgar Latin Inscriptions of Trier (germany)

SummaryThe copious corpus of deviations from standard Latin from Trier spans more than 800 years (50 BC–800 AD) and comprises both pagan and Christian inscriptions, the latter exclusively on tombstones. This paper points out the most salient non-standard features in the categories of phonetics, morphology, syntax and vocabulary. Most of them conform to standard Vulgar Latin, but some yield features of the inscriptions’ area, such as Western Romance (preservation of final -s, voicing intervocalic stops), Gallo-Romance (qui instead of quae, nasalisation), and the extinct Moselle Romance. A few features might reflect Gaulish substrate influence ([u] > [y], e before nasals > i, ē > ī, ō > ū, -m > -n). Clues for palatalisation and the raisings ē > ī, ō > ū are the most prominent phonetic features, the latter supporting, combined with the preservation of final -s, a renewed paradigm of nominal inflection. Morphosyntactic changes are driven by analogy and regularisations. Starting at the fringes, the erosion of case syntax ended up in a complete breakdown. Christianity fostered the recording of previously undocumented substandard features, completed the assimilation of Celtic (which pagan polytheism and the upwards mobility of Roman society had initiated) and supported the cultural integration of Germanic immigrants.Piae memoriae Henrici Heinen, viri doctissimi

Irony, Disruption and Moral Imperfection

Irony has a suspicious moral reputation, especially in popular media and internet culture. Jonathan Lear (2011) introduces a proposal which challenges this suspicion and identifies irony as a means to achieve human excellence. For Lear, irony is a disruptive uncanniness which arises from a gap between aspiration and actualisation in our practical identity. According to Lear, such a disruptive experience of ironic uncanniness reorients us toward excellence, because it passionately propels us to really live up to that practical identity. However, Lear’s understanding of irony is idiosyncratic and his proposal overlooks that disruption often results from value incompatibility between different practical identities. The disruption which follows from value incompatibility does not inherently reorient us toward excellence. The point is exactly that achieving excellence in one practical identity is sometimes incompatible with excellence in the other. Pace Lear, I do not identify this disruptive experience as a central example of irony. Instead, I consider irony a virtuous coping strategy for such disruption, because it introduces the necessary distance from our moral imperfection to sustain practical deliberation and maintain good mental health. Such virtuous irony negotiates a golden mean between too little disruption (complete insensitivity toward one’s imperfection) and too much disruption (a complete breakdown of practical deliberation and mental health). I argue that ironic media in popular culture provide a rich source of such virtuous irony, which I demonstrate through analysis of satirical examples.