Design and Implementation of Heart Beat Monitor System

Over the years, the decline of Nigeria’s health-care infrastructure has become alarming. The 2018 annual report of WHO shows that 75% human cardiovascular disease resulted from High Blood pressure. Immediate technical action is needed to alleviate the severity to the barest minimum. This research work presents a designs and implementation of microcontroller based Heart Beat Monitoring System for High Blood Pressure Patients. The developed system consists of three sections which include; Input section consisting of Heart beat sensor that senses and converts the blood pulse from a fingertip into an electrical signal. The sensor thereafter sends the signal into microcontroller, which is the control section that acts and communicates the result through LCD and output section. The displayed results show the beat rate in unit of beat per minute (BPM). The developed system was evaluated and demonstrated with two other standard devices namely: Pulse Oximeter and Digital Arm Cuff using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine its level of significance. The P Value of 0.519049 was found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Additionally, the results indicate that there is no significant difference among the three devices. It was concluded the designed device is more cost effective, user friendly and easily assembled due availability of needed materials in contrast with the other standard devices.

Interpolation with Specified Error of a Point Series Belonging to a Monotone Curve

The paper addresses the problem of modeling a smooth contour interpolating a point series belonging to a curve containing no special points, which represents the original curve with specified accuracy. The contour is formed within the area of possible location of the parts of the interpolated curve along which the curvature values are monotonously increased or decreased. The absolute interpolation error of the point series is estimated by the width of the area of possible location of the curve. As a result of assigning each intermediate point, the location of two new sections of the curve that lie within the area of the corresponding output section is obtained. When the interpolation error becomes less than the given value, the area of location of the curve is considered to be formed, and the resulting point series is interpolated by a contour that lies within the area. The possibility to shape the contours with arcs of circles specified by characteristics is investigated.

Mode-Converting Corrugations for Cavities of Second-Harmonic Gyrotrons with Improved Performance

Mode-converting longitudinal corrugations are used as a means of improving the selectivity properties of cavities for second-harmonic gyrotrons. As an example, 100-kW 0.3-THz second-harmonic gyrotron is considered. For the operating second-harmonic mode and most dangerous first-harmonic competing modes, the eigenvalues, ohmic losses and beam-wave coupling coefficients are investigated with respect to dimensions of a corrugated cavity. The most optimal parameters are found for a gyrotron cavity with mode-converting corrugations, which ensure the widest range of a single mode operation for the 0.3-THz second-harmonic gyrotron. It is shown that, in this range, the gyrotron output power can be increased up to 180 kW. It is found that output mode purity of the 0.3-THz second-harmonic gyrotron falls off due to mode-converting corrugations, which induce undesirable coupling of the operating mode with neighboring Bloch harmonics in the output section of the gyrotron cavity.

INFLUENCE OF DESIGN FEATURES ON THE REGULATING CAPACITY OF INJECTION WATER OUTLETS

The high degree of deterioration of hydraulic structures of reclamation systems and a decrease in the efficiency of using reclaimed land required the adoption at the state level of a number of programs The high degree of deterioration of hydraulic structures of reclamation systems and a decrease in the efficiency of using reclaimed land required the adoption at the state level of a number of programs aimed at the development and modernization of the reclamation complex of Russia. Ensuring the water regime on irrigated lands requires the introduction of technological innovations that can ensure the regulation of the water supply of hydraulic structures without involving non-renewable energy sources with maximum savings in water resources. The injection flow controllers considered in the work are able to use the hydraulic energy of the flow and carry out the control process with feedback.With a decrease in water consumption downstream, the regulator changes its capacity, providing the circulation of excess incoming water at the end of the structure. The operation of water outlets is based on the injection process, in which the regulator is a kind of jet pump located under the structure blocking the channel or under the dam of a small pond. The energy of the flow passing through the pipe from the upper stream is used to inject excess water coming from the reverse wave current through the diverting channel. The results of theoretical studies, physical and numerical modeling of injection water outlets with various forms of execution of the flow part are presented. Particular attention is paid to the execution of the output section of the structure – the diffuser and the prismatic section in front of it – the mixing chamber. The values of the hydraulic resistance coefficients of pyramidal diffusers with a high degree of expansion were studied and obtained for the first time. To prevent flow failure, the diffusers are equipped with shortened separate walls. The processing of the experiment data is carried out in accordance with international standards. When numerically modeling the flow in the regulator, the data of the physical experiment are used as the initial and boundary conditions. There is given a comparison of the fl ow rate of the studied regulators, the values of the parameters necessary for performing the hydraulic calculation are determined.

STILLING BASIN WITH A FLOW SWIRLING

In the given materials there is given an analysis of the operation of existing constructions of devices for dissipation of excess energy of idle water discharges at hydraulic engineering facilities. The most applied design for dissipation of fl ow energy in the practice of hydraulic building in the world is stilling basins with straight axis made in prismatic or trapezoidal shapes which is appealing in their simplicity. The main disadvantage of these stilling wells in case of their using together with tubular spillways, especially having several strings, is practical impossibility to provide uniform distribution of specific discharges at the outlet from the spillway. This is connected with the fact that with several strings it is difficult to provide uniform distribution of specific discharges in the inlet section of the stilling well, it causes appearance of unstable regimes during operation of the stilling basin, especially in case of spillway operation with incomplete front which makes them inapplicable exactly for multi-point tubular spillways. At the same time, by deforming the stilling basin well flow in the form of a spiral, it is possible to reduce the length of the spilling basin by creating the possibility of the planned symmetric spreading of the flow in the output section in the diversion channel of the stilling basin, allowing using it if necessary to repeatedly expand the flow behind the spillway.

An Adaptive Algorithm for Calculating the Dynamics of a Hydromechanical Servo Actuator with Throttle Control

The technical, economic, and performance indicators of hydromechanical servo actuators with throttle control (HMSA/T) can be radically improved by structurally correcting the actuator initial configuration followed by parametrically optimizing the found solution. The conventional solution boils down to an analysis of partial correction problems. However, this adds difficulty to comparison of the results and entails a significant scope of refinement and adjustment works. The article presents a unified algorithm for settling matters concerned with structural and parametric correction of an HMSA/T as applied to the most efficient ways of changing the actuator initial structure: damping the hydraulic amplifier sliding valve and introducing additional feedbacks for the output section motion speed and derivative of pressure difference in the hydraulic amplifier outlet hydraulic lines. An integrated HMSA/T model is constructed on the basis of standard structural correction schemes and partial mathematical models of actuators, and the scheme of an algorithm for combined structural and parametric correction of the actuator is presented. It is shown that the algorithm can be implemented using limited computation resources with a quickly running application software.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INJECTION FLOW REGULATORS

The effi ciency of the irrigation system can be increased by reducing unproductive waterdischarges from channels. Hydrodynamic fl ow regulators control water supply on demandand are activated when water consumption in the downstream of the structure is reducedbelow the design value. Many works have been devoted to the theoretical and experimentalstudy of the hydraulic characteristics of the structures under consideration, but no universaldependence has yet been obtained for directly determining the amount of fl ow rates thatmerge in the regulator and the accuracy of water supply. The generally accepted schemefor merging fl ows in the regulator was the fl ow scheme in the exhaust tee, which later requiredmaking empirical corrections to align the theoretical dependencies with experimental data.In this paper, a fundamentally new approach to the calculation of hydrodynamic regulatorsis proposed – consideration of their operation as injection devices and the applicationof appropriate computational dependencies. The results of theoretical calculations arecompared with the existing data of experimental study of several versions of the fl ow partof the regulators. The output section of all structures was made in the form of a pyramidaldiffuser with a continuous fl ow. The fl ow coming from the upstream to the downstream wasinjecting, the fl ow circulating between the mixing chamber and the outlet section of the diffuserwas injectable. Comparison of experimental data and the obtained theoretical curve showeda good match. As a result of the research, it was found out that the accuracy of regulation canbe set by purposefully maintaining the necessary water horizon in the space above the diffuserand linking it with the amount of fl ow coming from the downstream through the spillway.

Virtual Prototype of Innovative Ka-Band Power Amplifier Based on Waveguide Polarizer

This paper outlines an innovative approach to design a spatial power-combining structure based on waveguide polarizers. It presents the 3D CAD model of the new structure with the transversal probes and considerations in positioning and optimization of them. Exploiting the transformation of the dominant input mode TE10 into an elliptically polarized wave, provided by the polarizer, it has been possible to achieve a division of power by eight, completely carried out in space. With the insertion of the transversal probes made by microstrips, the RF signal can be sent to the MMIC solid state power amplifiers, and then recombined in the output section. Thanks to the large number of power divisions made in the waveguide section, the insertion loss of the power divider/combiner is less than 0.5 dB across the 32-34 GHz band, achieving a great power density as well. At the Author’s best knowledge, this is the first work where a waveguide polarizer is used in Spatial Power Combining technology.

Analytical Study of Nonstationary Modes in Recuperative Heat Exchangers

Recuperative heat exchanger transient operation modes during the start-up were considered in order to identify the time for establishing the stationary mode. This is important in carrying out technological processes that require constancy in values of certain parameters ensuring both product quality and process safety. The research was carried out using the analytical method for direct-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers. It was demonstrated that stationary state establishment in the direct-flow heat exchangers occurs immediately after the heat carrier gets into the apparatus. It should be noted that the entire apparatus reaches the stationary mode, when the slower heat carrier arrives at the apparatus output section. In case of a heat exchanger with the heat carrier counter-flow, it was found out that at the moment of the less heated heat carrier appearing at the apparatus output section, it was having the highest temperature. Then the temperature was decreasing, and after passing its minimum was beginning to oscillate along a curve with the damping amplitude. In the case under consideration, the stationary process started, when the dimensionless time value was ϕ ≥ 0.5. The indicated solution was obtained under assumption that thermal and physical characteristics were constant in time and space. It was assumed that total heat capacity of the heat exchanger heat transferring wall was infinitesimal. This assumption is valid with an error of up to 1 % at Fo ≥ 100, which is the case in most practical cases. For apparatuses under study, a formula was also obtained for the time required to reach the stationary state