Choice With(out) Equity? Family Decisions of Child Return to Urban Schools in Pandemic

In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, most schools across the country closed in-person instruction for a period of time and many shifted to online schooling. Beginning in fall 2020, schools around the United States began reopening and many districts offered families a decision or “choice” to return their children to an in-person or online schooling experience. In many cities, this approach complicated existing school choice and permanent closure policies with already existing equity issues. Building upon previous scholarship on school choice and closure, this study draws on the concept of school choice with(out) equity (Frankenberg et al., 2010; Scott & Stuart Wells, 2013; Horsford et al., 2019). Using data from an online survey (n = 155 participants) in August 2020, this study examines why families (50% white, 50% people of color) decided to return their children to in-person schooling in Hartford, Connecticut. This study uses a mixed-method analysis of qualitative responses and quantitative data to understand family decisions to return to in-person schooling (Creswell, 2014). Rather than school choices with full equity considerations during the pandemic, these family responses focused on needs of childcare for full-time work and health safety. These responses suggest a partial equity in the landscape of available choices. The study raises questions about reapplying old forms of school choice to a new form of temporary school closure during pandemic.

CHILDREN INFLUENCE ON FAMILY BUYING DECISION, ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA

Nowadays, children play a very decisive role in family buying decisions. The aim of this research is to find out influence of children on family buying decision in Mongolia. We specifically examined how types of the product, advertising and peers influence children’s decision and whether it depends on their demographics. For the purpose of achieving research objectives questionnaire method was conducted on 174 participants, which were analyzed by SPSS23. The results of this study demonstrated that influence of children on family buying decisions are less affected by children’s age however, boys are more influencing their parent’s buying decision than girls. As children grow older, they became more involved in family decisions to buy durable and family-joint products. Although, children of age group 16-18 tend to be more likely to influence buying decision which was related to them.

DECISIONES FAMILIARES Y TEORÍA DE JUEGOS: MICRO EMPRENDIMIENTO Y GÉNERO (FAMILY DECISIONS AND GAME THEORY: MICRO ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GENDER)

Este artículo busca reproducir y vincular mediante un modelo de teoría de juegos el proceso de decisiones familiares en micro emprendimientos a partir del género. Se desarrolla un juego dinámico de señalización con información incompleta donde se muestra la participación de la familia por género, los costos de oportunidad y una alternativa al trabajo doméstico. Los hallazgos destacan que las familias tienen algunos equilibrios de agrupación y separación similares a la teoría. Limitaciones: El estudio se limita por la necesidad de plantear con mayor precisión las implicaciones y pagos mediante evidencia empírica cuantificable. Es valioso este estudio por reflejar las decisiones no observables directamente en el emprendimiento con a través de la construcción de ecuaciones. Se concluye que existe una preferencia por el género masculino sobre la mujer en el proceso de emprendimiento a raíz de limitaciones de carácter social que afectan su rol de empresaria.

Socio- Economical Conditions of Aged Widow in Bangladesh

This paper scrutinized the economic, social, and affecting support systems of aged widows of sixty years who live in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It aims to locate the socio-economic conditions, resources, and impact on aged widows. In the People's Republic of Bangladesh, there's a scarcity of a comprehensive formal arranged for aged widows. Usually, social and economic supports for aged widows come back from their sons, daughters, neighbors, and society members. The largest part of aged widows doesn’t have regular financial support. Insufficient economic aid comes from the govt. within the shape of the widow and aged allowance. Study findings point out that aged widows can coexist in the family but they cannot make family decisions. Besides, in most of cases they don’t get any facilities like respect and medical facilities. This can be causative to the inflated risk for aged widows who are depending on the support of their families. This study reports on a field survey during which one hundred aged widows of sixty years and over were interviewed and analyzed by the exploitation of excel.

Does fetal MR alter the management of pregnancy in the diagnosis of isolated corpus callosum agenesis?

Objective To determine if fetal MR alters the management of pregnancy and family decisions in the isolated corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) cases or not. Methods Fetal MR was carried out in the cases diagnosed with CCA in the Perinatology Unit of our hospital between 2013 and 2019 after they were differentiated as complex and isolated CCA cases. The impact of MR results on the family decisions and their approaches towards termination were assessed. Results A total of 109 out 139 cases were evaluated as isolated CCA. While 93 (85.32%) of them were diagnosed with the complete CCA, 16 (14.68%) cases were diagnosed with the partial CCA. When the period after 2017 during which fetal MR was recommended to all patients was reviewed, it was seen that 7 (23.3%) of 30 cases who underwent fetal MR and 2 (20%) of 10 cases who did not undergo fetal MR terminated their pregnancies. There was no statistical difference between two groups in terms of the decisions of the patients for gestational termination who did and did not undergo fetal MR. Conclusion Fetal MR imaging in the isolated CCA does not change the decisions of the families for the gestational termination. In terms of the termination decision, week of gestation and socio-cultural factors may have more impacts.

THE HUSBAND POSITION IN BAJAPUIK MARRIAGE DYNAMICS IN PARIAMAN

This research conducted to see the position of the husband in a traditional Pariaman marriage known as a Bajapuik marriage. Pariaman is a part of the Minangkabau region, which had opted for the matrilineal system, which affects customary marriages, namely, after marriage, some rights and obligations of the husband are more controlled by the mamak (chiefs who come from the wife's family). This study uses qualitative research in a field research system (Field Research) with an anthropological (ethnographic) approach. The subject of this study leads to key informants that researcher chooser and only (random) based on specific criteria and categories that can describe condition subjectively in the field. The findings of this study indicate that Bajapuik marriage affects the position of the husband in the family. The husband's position in family decisions only an input because the husband is considered a newcomer. The findings of this study reinforce the opinion of Poloma, an action someone will get social sanctions that is along with the times the husband's position began to shift as well as mamak. Mamak is no longer able to carry out her role all rights and obligations are handed over to her husband as well as her husband, who had previously had no burden in providing for his wife and children, bécame an obligation.