Electrochemical Degradation of Carbamazepine: A Case Study of Quantification of “10, 11 Dihydro-10 Hydroxy Carbamazepine And 10, 11-Epoxycarbamazepine” As The Main By-Products Using LC-TOF/MS.

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most widely used antiepileptic drugs in Malaysia, so, it was detected in wastewater frequently. The electrochemical treatment process has been applied for the degradation of CBZ using graphite-PVC as an anode. However, two main by-products, namely, 10,11-dihydro10-hydroxy carbamazepine (HDX-CBZ) and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine (EPX-CBZ) have been analysed and quantified using liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). HDX-CBZ and EPX-CBZ were analysed in positive ionisation mode and were separated chromatographically using 5 mm, 2 mm´150 mm C18 column at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. To improve sensitivity and detectability, SPE was applied as a pre-concentration step for the treated carbamazepine samples to extract and pre-concentrate HDX-CBZ and EPX-CBZ. However, three different solvents, namely, methyl tertiary butyl ether, acetone and methanol, have been optimized to enhance the recovery. The recovery was 85% and 92% for HDX-CBZ and EPX-CBZ, respectively, in the presence of methanol. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.588 and 0.109 µg/L for both by-products, respectively. The concentration of HDX-CBZ and EPX-CBZ was 343 and 144 μg/L, respectively, after 20 min of treatment, then, it was decreased to 17.2 and 9.8 μg/L at 40 min. Finally, both by-products were eliminated after 60 min.

Deep metabolic profiling assessment of tissue extraction protocols for three model organisms

Metabolic profiling harbors the potential to better understand various disease entities such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease or COVID-19. Deciphering these intricate pathways in human studies requires large sample sizes as a means of reducing variability. While such broad human studies have discovered new associations between a given disease and certain affected metabolites, i.e. biomarkers, they often provide limited functional insights. To design more standardized experiments, reduce variability in the measurements and better resolve the functional component of such dynamic metabolic profiles, model organisms are frequently used. Standardized rearing conditions and uniform sampling strategies are prerequisites towards a successful metabolomic study. However, further aspects such as the choice of extraction protocol and analytical technique can influence the outcome drastically. Here, we employed a highly standardized metabolic profiling assay analyzing 630 metabolites across three commonly used model organisms (Drosophila, mouse and Zebrafish) to find the optimal extraction protocols for various matrices. Focusing on parameters such as metabolite coverage, metabolite yield and variance between replicates we compared seven extraction protocols. We found that the application of a combination of 75% ethanol and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), while not producing the broadest coverage and highest yields, was the most reproducible extraction protocol. We were able to determine up to 530 metabolites in mouse kidney samples, 509 in mouse liver, 422 in Zebrafish and 388 in Drosophila and discovered a core overlap of 261 metabolites in these four matrices. To enable other scientists to search for the most suitable extraction protocol in their experimental context and interact with this comprehensive data, we have integrated our data set in the open-source shiny app MetaboExtract. This will enable scientists to search for their metabolite or metabolite class of interest, compare it across the different tested extraction protocols and sample types as well as find reference concentrations.

Expanding Polymer Injectivity Tests on a Second Giant Carbonate UAE Oil Reservoir at High Salinity & High Temperature Conditions.

Over the last few years, ADNOC has systematically investigated a new polymer-based EOR scheme to improve sweep efficiency in high temperature and high salinity (HTHS) carbonate reservoirs in Abu Dhabi (Masalmeh et al., 2014). Consequently, ADNOC has developed a thorough de-risking program for the new EOR concept in these carbonate reservoirs. The de-risking program includes extensive laboratory experimental studies and field injectivity tests to ensure that the selected polymer can be propagated in the target reservoirs. A new polymer with high 2-acrylamido-tertiary-butyl sulfonic acid (ATBS) content was identified, based on extensive laboratory studies (Masalmeh, et al., 2019, Dupuis, et al., 2017, Jouenne 2020), and an initial polymer injectivity test (PIT) was conducted in 2019 at 250°F and salinity >200,000 ppm, with low H2S content (Rachapudi, et al., 2020, Leon and Masalmeh, 2021). The next step for ADNOC was to extend polymer application to harsher field conditions, including higher H2S content. Accordingly, a PIT was designed in preparation for a multi-well pilot This paper presents ADNOC's follow-up PIT, which expands the envelope of polymer flooding to dissolve H2S concentrations of 20 - 40 ppm to confirm injectivity at representative field conditions and in situ polymer performance. The PIT was executed over five months, from February 2021 to July 2021, followed by a chase water flood that will run until December 2021. A total of 108,392 barrels of polymer solution were successfully injected during the PIT. The extensive dataset acquired was used to assess injectivity and in-depth mobility reduction associated with the new polymer. Preliminary results from the PIT suggest that all key performance indicators have been achieved, with a predictable viscosity yield and good injectivity at target rates, consistent with the laboratory data. The use of a down-hole shut-in tool (DHSIT) to acquire pressure fall-off (PFO) data clarified the near-wellbore behaviour of the polymer and allowed optimisation of the PIT programme. This paper assesses the importance of water quality on polymer solution preparation and injection performance and reviews operational data acquired during the testing period. Polymer properties determined during the PIT will be used to optimise field and sector models and will facilitate the evaluation of polymer EOR in other giant, heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, leading to improved recovery in ADNOC and Middle East reservoirs.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SENYAWA ANTIOKSIDAN PADA PENGGORENGAN KERUPUK BAWANG TERHADAP KUALITAS MINYAK GORENG DAN PRODUK

Minyak goreng yang dipanaskan pada suhu tinggi dan dilakukan secara berulang dapat menurunkan kualitas dan mengubah karakteristik fisiko-kimianya. Oksidasi merupakan salah satu reaksi akibat penggunaan minyak goreng secara berulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat dan kualitas minyak goreng dan produk setelah 3 hari penggunaan berulang dengan penambahan variasi konsentrasi antioksidan. Antioksidan alami dan sintetis seperti Alfa-tokoferol dan Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ) ditambahkan ke dalam sampel minyak goreng. Kualitad minyak goreng (merek A, control, 90 dan 180 ppm Alfa-tokoferl, 90 dan 180 ppm TBHQ) setelah 10 kali penggunaan dalam sehari pada suhu tinggi (180 oC) dianalisis sebagai Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA), serta viskositas. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kadar FFA, angka TBA, dan viskositas minyak semakin rendah seiring dengan besarnya penambahan konsentrasi antioksidan. Konsentrasi antioksidan optimal terdapat pada TBHQ 180 ppm. Uji hardness, kadar air, warna dan TBA dilakukan terhadap kerupuk bawang hasil penggorengan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa antioksidan tidak berpengaruh terhadap hasil produk penggorengan.

Vapor Phase Synthesis of SnS Facilitated by Ligand-Driven “Launch Vehicle” Effect in Tin Precursors

Extraordinary low-temperature vapor-phase synthesis of SnS thin films from single molecular precursors is attractive over conventional high-temperature solid-state methods. Molecular-level processing of functional materials is accompanied by several intrinsic advantages such as precise control over stoichiometry, phase selective synthesis, and uniform substrate coverage. We report here on the synthesis of a new heteroleptic molecular precursor containing (i) a thiolate ligand forming a direct Sn-S bond, and (ii) a chelating O^N^N-donor ligand introducing a “launch vehicle”-effect into the synthesized compound, thus remarkably increasing its volatility. The newly synthesized tin compound [Sn(SBut)(tfb-dmeda)] 1 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis that verified the desired Sn:S ratio in the molecule, which was demonstrated in the direct conversion of the molecular complex into SnS thin films. The multi-nuclei (1H, 13C, 19F, and 119Sn) and variable-temperature 1D and 2D NMR studies indicate retention of the overall solid-state structure of 1 in the solution and suggest the presence of a dynamic conformational equilibrium. The fragmentation behavior of 1 was analyzed by mass spectrometry and compared with those of homoleptic tin tertiary butyl thiolates [Sn(SBut)2] and [Sn(SBut)4]. The precursor 1 was then used to deposit SnS thin films on different substrates (FTO, Mo-coated soda-lime glass) by CVD and film growth rates at different temperatures (300–450 °C) and times (15–60 min), film thickness, crystalline quality, and surface morphology were investigated.