scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF BERDSKY BAY OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK RESERVOIR IN RELATION TO OPISTHORCHIDOSES

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Bonina ◽  
Zuikov
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Cyprinid Fish ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Novosibirsk Reservoir ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Intermediate Host

We studied the epidemic situation of opisthorchiasis in the population of Berdsk, and determined the level of infection of fish of the family Cyprinidae by larvae of opisthorchides in Berdsky Bay, as well as the abundance of the first intermediate host of the parasite, the mollusks of the family Bithyniidae in the water body. It is found that Berdsky Bay is generally unfavorable for opisthorchiasis. The incidence of opisthorchiasis in people in Berdsk was recorded annually; the average long-term incidence rate was 89.85 per 100 thousand of population with a minimum of 21.4 in 1991 and a maximum of 188.5 in 2002. The level of infection of cyprinid fish with metacercarias of opisthorchides is quite high (33.3%).The epidemic danger is posed by fish infected with larvae of Opisthorchis felineus (the prevalence 31.7%) and Metorchis bilis (the prevalence 3.3%). The ide, dace and verkhovka represent a high potential danger in infecting the population with opisthorchiasis and are indicators of the adverse situation with the reservoir as regards the invasion. In the water area of Berdsky Bay, we identified new actively functioning foci of opisthorchis invasion located in the Lebedevskaya and Elbanskaya streams, as well as in the mouth of the Sukhaya River where not only infected fish were recorded, but also the number of the first intermediate host of opisthorchides, the mollusks of the family Bithyniidae (Bithynia troscheli and B. tentaculata), is quite high.

Development of Proteocephalus torulosus in the intermediate host under experimental conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Cyprinid Fish ◽  
Outer Envelope ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Scardinius Erythrophthalmus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hyaline Membrane ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractThe development of the tapeworm Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of cyprinid fish, was studied in the intermediate host under experimental conditions. The eggs of P. torulosus were typified by a relatively small outer envelope (hyaline membrane) and a thick middle layer surrounding the oncosphere. Incubation of P. torulosus eggs at different temperatures revealed the ability of some oncospheres to survive and remain infective to the intermediate host for up to 5 weeks at 5–7°C, 12 days at 10–12°C, and 8 days at 20–22°C. Of 8 copepod species used in these experiments, complete development of larvae was observed only in Cyclops strenuus. Growth was completed in 9–12 days at 20–22°C and four weeks at 9–10°C. During development the cercomer was not observed. The infectivity of larvae from C. strenuus for the definitive hosts, cyprinid fish, was very low and only one chub of 26 fish used for feeding experiments (21 chub, Leuciscus cephalus, 3 bleak, Alburnoides bipunctatus, 1 rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus—all the family Cyprinidae, and 1 loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus—the family Cobitidae) became infected.

scholarly journals Distribution and habitats of Gyraulus connollyi, snail intermediate host of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae, in South Africa

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. De Kock ◽  
C. T. Wolmarans
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Temperature Index ◽  
Snail Intermediate Host ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
First Intermediate Host

This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and habitats of Gyraulus connollyi, snail intermediate host of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae as reflected by the 969 collection sites on record in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. The presence of this species was reported from 13 different types of water-bodies, however, the highest percentage by far was collected in streams and rivers and in habitats of which the water was described as perennial, clear and fresh. A predominantly stony substratum and the presence of vegetation were also reported for the majority of habitats. The effect size was calculated for each variable to determine its importance for the occurrence of this species. An integrated decision tree constructed from the data indicated that temperature, altitude and type of water-body were the most important of the factors evaluated that could have an effect on the geographical distribution of this species. This was supported by the effect size values calculated for each variable. A temperature index calculated for each species in the database ranked G. connollyi seventh out of 53 due to its association with low temperatures. Although human echinostomosis has not yet been diagnosed in Africa, concern is expressed that G. connollyi is able to serve as first intermediate host in the transmission of echinostomosis.

Evaluation of the Laxative activity of Saponin Enriched Hydroethanolic Pericarp extract of Sapindus emarginatus in Animal models

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalitha Vivekanandan ◽  
Roxanne Gekonge Mandere ◽  
Sivakumar Thangavel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Triterpene Saponins ◽  
Laxative Effect ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Efficacious Drug

Background: Constipation is a common, predominant, chronic gastrointestinal functional disorder. The drugs available to treat constipation are limited because of their side effects in long term use. So we need of efficacious drug to treat constipation. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl belongs to the family Sapindaceae, commonly known as soapnut. Traditionally used for the antipruritic, antifertility, constipation, and anti-inflammatory agents. Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the laxative activity of hydroethanolic pericarp extract of Sapindus emarginatus (HESE) in animal models. Methods: The saponin content in extract was measured by gravimetric analysis. The laxative activity of hydroethanolic pericarp extract of Sapindus emarginatus is evaluated by the weight of feces matter, charcoal meal hyperperistalsis test, and loperamide induced constipation model. Results: The saponin content of the soapnut pericarp was 13.48 % and the extract was found to be 11.92 %. The results obtained from these models showed a significant dose-dependent increase in fecal weight, peristalsis index, and moisture content compared to control animals. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the oral administration of HESE showed a significant laxative activity by using different animal models. The presence of triterpene saponins is responsible for this activity. Further studies are needed to confirm their mechanism behind the laxative effect. The administration of extract was found to be a valid candidate in constipation therapy.

Redescription and relationships of Pseudothilmanus Pic (Coleoptera: Rhagophthalmidae)—a long-term neglected glow-worm beetle genus from the Himalayas

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2794 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBIN KUNDRATA ◽  
LADISLAV BOCAK
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Divergence ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The Family

Pseudothilmanus Pic, 1918 is redescribed and two species, P. alatus Pic, 1918 and P. marginatus Pic, 1918, are placed in the genus. The subgenus Drilothilmanus Pic, 1918 is synonymized with the nominotypical genus on the basis of low morphological divergence and redundancy in classification. Pseudothilmanus is newly classified in the family Rhagophthalmidae, in contrast to the original placement in Drilidae. Diagnostic characters for Pseudothilmanus and both species placed within the genus are illustrated.

scholarly journals Are Family Firms More Levered? An Analysis of Family and Non-Family Firms

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110223
Author(s):  
Jahanzaib Haider ◽  
Abdul Qayyum ◽  
Zalina Zainudin
Keyword(s):  
Family Firms ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Maturity Structure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
East Asian Economies ◽  
Combined Data

This study analyzes the leverage policies of the family and non-family firms of eight East Asian Economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan) by using combined data of 690 family and non-family firms with 3,224 firm–years over the period 2006–2010. This study has used an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for analyzing the data for the first question, while for the second question, logit regression has been used as the dependent variable (a binary variable). Prior research on family and non-family firms has revealed that family firms issue less (high) debt than non-family firms. Our analysis on a sample of East Asian Economies discloses that family firms have significantly different leverage levels than non-family firms, but their signs are not consistent. On the contrary, when the owner works as CEO/Chairman or member of the Board of Directors, then the family firms issue less debt than the non-family firms. Besides that, this study adds a new question that has not been addressed in the prior studies. The new question has focused on the speed of leverage adjustment. It is found that family firms and non-family firms regarding their debt maturity structure (short-term debt and long-term debt), the speed of leverage adjustments, and their decision to issue securities (i.e., debt vs. equity) are not significantly different. This study concluded that though family firms have a strong influence on each economy, but in South-East Asian countries, leverage policies of the family firms are not much different than that of non-family firms.

scholarly journals HGG-47. DECREASED GROWTH VELOCITY WITH LONG TERM USE OF BRAFV600e AND MEK INHIBITION IN A PATIENT WITH ANAPLASTIC GANGLIOGLIOMA

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii352-iii352
Author(s):  
Hung Tran ◽  
Robert Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Chromosomal Microarray ◽  
Mek Inhibition ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract PURPOSE To describe decreased growth velocity with long term use of BRAFV600e and MEK inhibition in a patient with anaplastic ganglioglioma. RESULTS 4-year-old patient was found to have a 6 x 4.6 x 5 cm mass in the hypothalamus. Pathology consistent with anaplastic ganglioglioma and chromosomal microarray revealed a BRAFV600e mutation. Patient started on dabrafenib and trametinib and tumor decreased 85% after 3 months. She is stable without significant toxicities 39 months on therapy, and is now 8 years old. Patient had been growing at the 25% for weight and 12% for height but is now 65% for weight and 0.5% for height. It is difficult to tease out the relationship between the tumor, the location of the tumor, and the BRAF and MEK inhibitors and their effect on growth. Discussions with the family and endocrinology are ongoing but being <1% for height will lead to decrease in quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Further follow-up study is needed to determine if this is truly a long-term toxicity, or if this may just be a direct result of the location of the tumor. Would supplementation with growth hormone in this patient lead to losing control of a high grade tumor, or would it simply replace a hormone that is not produced?

Reproduction and caste ratios under stress in trematode colonies with a division of labour

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
MELANIE M. LLOYD ◽  
ROBERT POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Caste Ratio ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
First Intermediate Host

SUMMARYTrematodes form clonal colonies in their first intermediate host. Individuals are, depending on species, rediae or sporocysts (which asexually reproduce) and cercariae (which develop within rediae or sporocysts and infect the next host). Some species use a division of labour within colonies, with 2 distinct redial morphs: small rediae (non-reproducing) and large rediae (individuals which produce cercariae). The theory of optimal caste ratio predicts that the ratio of caste members (small to large rediae) responds to environmental variability. This was tested in Philophthalmus sp. colonies exposed to host starvation and competition with the trematode, Maritrema novaezealandensis. Philophthalmus sp. infected snails, with and without M. novaezealandensis, were subjected to food treatments. Reproductive output, number of rediae, and the ratio of small to large rediae were compared among treatments. Philophthalmus sp. colonies responded to host starvation and competition; reproductive output was higher in well-fed snails of both infection types compared with snails in lower food treatments and well-fed, single infected snails compared with well-fed double infected snails. Furthermore, the caste ratio in Philophthalmus sp. colonies was altered in response to competition. This is the first study showing caste ratio responses to environmental pressures in trematodes with a division of labour.

scholarly journals The Effect of Trematode Parasites on the Growth of Littorina Neritoides (L.)

1941 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Upward Slope ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Intermediate Host ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Trematode Parasites

If the number of infections with (a) trematode parthenitae and cercariae using Littorina neritoides as first intermediate host only, and (b) encysted metacercariae using L. neritoides as second intermediate host only, are plotted against the size of the snails, two different curves result. The first shows a low rate of infection in the small size groups, but a steep upward slope rising to 91% in the large size groups. The second shows a curve increasing uniformly to 87% infection.Possible interpretations are discussed, and it is concluded that the difference is probably due to the fact that primary infections cause accelerated growth in the host.

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