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Religions ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Asaf Yedidya

The 19th century, which began with the immigration to Eretz Israel of 511 disciples of the Vilna Gaon (HaGra) and their families from Lithuania for religious reasons between 1808–1811, ended with the arrival of tens of thousands of Hovevei Zion from Russia and Romania for nationalistic motives, beginning in 1882.This article deals with the differences between the doctrine of redemption of the Vilna Gaon’s disciples and the Zionist ideology of Hovevei Zion in light of the thought of the religious proto-Zionists. Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer and Rabbi Eliyahu Guttmacher who were the proto-Zionists actually served as transformers from theurgic-symbolic messianic activism to realistic Zionist activism through their combined adoption of all these active approaches and the shift in emphasis from the symbolic to the realistic. Putting them all in the traditional messianic camp or the modern national camp distorts the picture. The great innovation of their doctrine was the transformation of the idea.


Author(s):  
Daniela Artemis Koppold-Liebscher ◽  
Raphaela Maria Ring ◽  
Clemens Eisenmann ◽  
Nico Steckhan ◽  
Sarah Demmrich ◽  
...  

Background / Objective: Historically, fasting has not only been practiced for medical but also for religious reasons. Bahá’ís follow an annual religious fast of 19 days. We assessed motivation behind and subjective health impacts of Bahá’í fasting. Methods: A convergent parallel mixed methods design was embedded in a clinical single arm observational study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six fasters before, during and after fasting. Three months after the fasting period, two focus group interviews were conducted. 146 Bahá’í volunteers answered an online survey at five time points before, during and after fasting. Results: Interviews: Fasting was found to play a central role for the religiosity of interviewees, implying changes in daily structures, spending time alone, engaging in religious practices, and experiencing social belonging. Results show an increase in mindfulness and well-being, accompanied by behavioural changes and experiences of self-efficacy and inner freedom. Survey: Scores point to an increase in mindfulness and well-being during fasting, while stress, anxiety and fatigue decreased. Mindfulness remained elevated even three months after the fast. Conclusion: Bahá'í intermittent dry fast seems to enhance participants’ mindfulness and well-being, lowering stress levels and reducing fatigue. Some of these effects lasted more than three months after fasting.


Author(s):  
Yuriy Hanushchak

The article analyzes the participation of the Churches of the Kyiv tradition (these include the UGCC, UOC-MP, UOC-KP, UAOC) in the processes of transition of Ukrainian society from a totalitarian to a democratic system. During this period, the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's independence and a large-scale democratic Orange Revolution took place. Undoubtedly, just as the Ukrainian Churches joined these events, so did the socio-political vicissitudes themselves influence the formation of the identity and positioning of many Christian denominations. The author considers the role of the UGCC and UAOC in the processes of national uplift and establishment of Ukrainian statehood in the late 80's of the XX century. Given that, the religious factor played an important role in the collapse of the totalitarian state and the establishment of Ukrainian statehood. At the beginning of independence, sovereign Ukraine faced the path of geopolitical choice, and eventually the scales prevailed in the direction of European integration, which gradually began to play an important role in shaping the country's foreign policy. The author finds out the cultural and religious reasons for the geopolitical choice of the majority of Ukrainians. One of the conclusions in the article is the fact that the Ukrainian Churches undoubtedly fall into the field of geopolitical confrontation, some of them choose the path of supporting the European integration process; others, on the contrary, argue in favor of the pro-Russian vector. This civilizational confrontation in society led to the Orange Revolution. As the Churches integrate into public life, one can observe their involvement in the events on Maidan in 2004. The events of the Orange Revolution contributed to the revival of democratic processes in Ukraine. And the experience gained by churches in participating in socio-political vicissitudes has helped to improve communication between churches, rethink their relationship with the state and form new relationships with society.


2021 ◽  
pp. 196-221
Author(s):  
Edna Hogemann

It analyses aspects of religious intolerance in Brazil, its cause-and-effect relationship with radical proselytism, negative consequences for the exercise of the right to religious freedom and other human rights, some manifestations in the Brazilian multireligious scenario, some potentially effective instruments for prevention intolerance, among which are the practices of alterity. It shows that Brazil, does not present a chaotic picture in terms of intolerance, but has worrying records of persecution, discrimination and acts of violence, for religious reasons, which should serve as a warning for implementation of affirmative actions and public policies regarding the duty of respect and solidarity with others.


2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-408
Author(s):  
Koos-jan de Jager

Abstract Conscientious objectors under fire. Vaccine refusal among orthodox-Protestant soldiers in the Dutch Armed Forces, 1945-1950 During the Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949), the Dutch government deployed 220,000 soldiers in the Indonesian archipelago. Among them was a group of conservative Christian soldiers who refused vaccinations against smallpox for religious reasons. Initially this caused no problems, but the situation changed after the outbreak of a smallpox epidemic in Indonesia in 1948. The non-vaccinated soldiers could not return to the Netherlands due to international restrictions. Although compulsory vaccination was abolished in 1939, some soldiers were forced to accept vaccination. In the Netherlands, representatives of the Reformed Political Party (SGP) and the conservative churches accused the Army of illegal actions. The central question in the debate was the space for religious minorities and divergent views on vaccination in the Dutch Armed Forces. This article studies the process of negotiation between the Dutch Armed Forces and the political and ecclesiastical representatives of this conservative religious group. Finally, this article argues for more research into religious diversity in the Dutch Armed Forces.


Author(s):  
Milica Sovrlić ◽  

Ownership in Roman society have been subject to various restrictions since ancient times. The limits of complete freedom of disposal were set by moral and religious reasons, public interest, neighborly relations. Restriction of ownership in the interest of neighbors arose during the early Roman period. The first such restrictions come from Law of the XII tables and were mainly related to the regulation of relations between neighbors in the use of agricultural land. Later, and on these foundations, the neighborhood law was only developed and supplemented, at the same time reflecting the new needs of life.


2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-243
Author(s):  
Jessica Nowak

Abstract On the history of sentence-internal capitalisation in Dutch – a corpus-based study on genre influence on the capitalisation practice Though sentence-internal capitalisation of nouns is – unlike in German – no hallmark of Modern Dutch orthography at all, initial studies on Early Modern Dutch writing practice have affirmed Maas’ (1995, 2007) claim that Dutch once exhibited at least a moderate tendency to uppercase nouns in sentence-internal position (cf. & 2020a): Since both studies were restricted on a corpus of bible prints, it remains an open question whether the capitalisation practice was restricted to this text type only. Therefore, the present paper aims at analysing the use of majuscules in other texts types to gain a more conclusive picture on the overall phenomenon. The contrastive analysis of bible prints with printed travel reports and sailing letters (1500-1800) confirms – on the one hand – previous findings, mainly the fact that the use of majuscules within common nouns was increasingly motivated by cognitive factors, mainly animacy and concreteness of the referent; on the other hand, however, the present study shows that sentence-internal capitalisation of common nouns was much more pronounced in non-biblical texts than expected by previous studies (cf. & 2020a). In contrast to bible prints, non-biblical texts did not abolish sentence-internal uppercase letters by the end of the 17th century, suggesting that this spelling convention was not abandoned due to religious reasons as suggested by & 2007).


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Theresia Lidia ◽  
Aris Widayati

Research and development of the COVID-19 vaccine give hope to all people to stop the COVID-19 pandemic in the world. This literature review explores the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine used in Indonesia and discusses Indonesia's current vaccination process. The primary databases for the reviewed articles were PubMed and Mendeley. Others are official websites, such as World Health Organization (WHO); COVID-19 and National Economic Recovery Committee in Indonesia (KPCPEN); the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NA-DFC–in Bahasa Indonesia: BPOM) of the Republic of Indonesia; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Clinical Trials.gov, COVID-19 vaccine Tracker, the Indonesian regulations, and guidelines regarding COVID-19. The inclusion criteria of the searched articles were those published from December 2019 to April 30, 2021, and those which discussed vaccines' types, efficacy, and safety. Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination is quite high (65%). Refusal was related to vaccine safety (30%); effectiveness (22%); distrust of vaccines (13%); fear of side effects (12%); and religious reasons (8%). The COVID-19 vaccines planned by the Indonesia Government have gone through clinical trials phases I to III. The Coronavac vaccine efficacy showed seroconversion that occurred was 92.4% to 97.4%, and no severe side effects have been reported. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 efficacy was 66.7% to 76.0%, and none of the tested participants was hospitalized, serious side effects were very small (0.9% to 1.1%). The mRNA-1273 efficacy was 94.1%, and its reactogenicity was mild to moderate. The BNT162b2 efficacy was ≥ 92%, and no severe or specific safety concerns have occurred. The efficacy of the BBIBPCorV vaccine has not been established. Ongoing phase I, II, and III clinical trials will provide more information on safety and immunogenicity for the BBIBP-CorV. Three of the six vaccines have obtained EUA from BPOM and approval from the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI). A health promotion program about the safety, efficacy, and the 'halal' of the COVID-19 vaccine; acceleration and ensuring access to the COVID-19 vaccination program are urgent to end this pandemic immediately.


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