EFFECT OF LOCAL HONEY PRODUCTION AREAS ON ITS CONTENT OF SOME HEAVY METALS

This study was conducted to estimate some heavy metals cadmium, lead, nickel and iron in 15 samples of Iraqi honey with 3 replicates for each sample which were collected from apiaries near potential contamination areas in five Iraqi governorates, including Baghdad, Karbala, Babylon, Diyala and Salah al-Din. The atomic absorption technique was used to estimate the concentrations of heavy metals, the results showed that there were significant differences at (P≤0.05) between the concentrations of these elements in the honey samples, the highest concentrations of cadmium 0.123 mg/kg were recorded in Baghdad, near the petrochemical production complex, lead 4.657 mg/kg and nickel 0.023 mg/kg in Babylon near the power plant, iron was 1.863 mg/kg in Karbala near the waste collection and incineration plant, and all the concentrations of cadmium and lead in the studied honey samples were higher than the acceptable limits set by the European Commission Regulation.

EFFECT OF LOCAL HONEY PRODUCTION AREAS ON ITS CONTENT OF SOME HEAVY METALS

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to estimate some heavy metals cadmium, lead, nickel and iron in 15 samples of Iraqi honey with 3 replicates for each sample which were collected from apiaries near potential contamination areas in five Iraqi governorates, including Baghdad, Karbala, Babylon, Diyala and Salah al-Din. The atomic absorption technique was used to estimate the concentrations of heavy metals, the results showed that there were significant differences at (P≤0.05) between the concentrations of these elements in the honey samples, the highest concentrations of cadmium 0.123 mg/kg were recorded in Baghdad, near the petrochemical production complex, lead 4.657 mg/kg and nickel 0.023 mg/kg in Babylon near the power plant, iron was 1.863 mg/kg in Karbala near the waste collection and incineration plant, and all the concentrations of cadmium and lead in the studied honey samples were higher than the acceptable limits set by the European Commission Regulation.

Geopolymers based on plasma incineration waste as a material for circular economy

Plasma waste treatment technology is one of the promising methods of reducing problematic waste, but the technology itself create other kind of waste that must be effectively used to recognize this technology as a suitable for circular economy. The aim of the article is to show the possibility of using waste materials from a plasma incineration plant as a raw material for the production of geopolymeric materials. The samples were made based on waste from plasma incineration plant in Liberec (Czech Republic), fly ash from thermal power plants in Skawina (Poland) and sand mixed with an aqueous chemical solution. Next they mechanical properties, microstructure and mineralogical composition have been investigated. The results show the combination of these raw materials can increase the strength of the material and, consequently find applications in the utilization of plasma incineration waste. The article show the geopolymerization could be effective process for using waste materials from a plasma incineration plant as a raw material for creating the products for construction industry.

Possibilities of Management of Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant in Building Industry in the Circular Economy

To improve the condition of the environment and prevent its degradation, global trends have moved from linear to the circular economy. Closing the loop is to protect natural resources, minimize waste, emissions, and pollution. The circular economy assumptions are based mainly on the 3-R: Reduce (minimum use of raw materials); Reuse (maximum reuse of products and components); Recycle (high-quality reuse of raw materials). In the waste management hierarchy, the last place in the circular economy is energy recovery. In the process of incinerating municipal waste, secondary waste is generated. Some of them, like fly ash, are hazardous waste. It includes, among others heavy metals, chlorine, sulphur, and other pollutions, hence it is currently not used as a raw material. The management of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration plant in the construction industry is a part of sustainable development and the circular economy. Fly ash is a hazardous and heterogeneous waste, therefore it is important to know its physicochemical and construction properties, which are presented in the article. Fly ash has pozzolanic properties, therefore it can be a good binding and building material. For fly ash to be a component of the construction mixture, it is necessary to immobilize pollutants, heavy metals, and some elements so that they do not leach into the environment. For this purpose, the concrete structure and the C-S-H matrix should be compacted. Currently, fly ash is stabilized and stored in underground landfills. They are storage in closed salt, manganese, and potassium mines. However, the volume of post-mining voids is limited, and storage is not part of the circular economy. In addition, some countries do not have their fly ash storage facilities and it has to be exported across borders. This increases the carbon footprint and shortens the product life cycle.

The air quality index based on measurements of mobile air quality monitoring station at the waste-to-energy incineration plant PLTSa Bantargebang

Ambient air quality monitoring at waste-to-energy incineration pilot plant PLTSa Bantargebang is performed using a mobile monitoring station. The mobile monitoring station is equipped with meteorological and emission (CO, O3, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2) measurement. The monitoring was performed for 24 hour with 1 minute intervals. The emission measurement data was analyzed using Indonesian Air pollution standard index regulation (PermenLHK P.14/2020). The CO, O3, NO2, PM10, and SO2 index were in good category (1-50), while the PM2.5 index was classified as moderate (65.992). The results show that the air quality at PLTSa Bantargebang is still acceptable for human health.

Optimization and Security of Hazardous Waste Incineration Plants with the Use of a Heuristic Algorithm

The amount of generated waste, which increases every year, is a serious problem of the modern world. In particular, attention should be paid to hazardous waste and methods of its disposal. One of the most used in this context is thermal treatment in dedicated incinerators equipped with a rotary kiln. Conducting the process requires, inter alia, supplying the furnace with a batch of batch material with appropriate parameters. Improper operation in this regard may cause negative environmental effects and operational problems. The key here is to select different types of hazardous waste and compose batch portions. The paper presents an application that optimizes the work of waste incineration plant operators. At the same time, this tool can be described as ensuring security at this stage of the process. The application implements an ant colony algorithm that selects the optimal solution to the problem, which has been formulated here as the types and masses of the batch mixture components with given parameters. The application has been tested in the laboratory and real conditions with satisfactory results.