Microperimetry in Children’s Practice

Child health is a global health priority. The program “Elimination of Eliminable Blindness in the World of Vision-2020” gives the fourth place to the problems of pediatric ophthalmopathology and creates targeted programs for their elimination. The introduction of modern equipment in the clinical practice of pediatric ophthalmologists has expanded the boundaries of traditional diagnostics. Microperimetry is an innovative, quantitative, non-invasive diagnostic study aimed at assessing the functional ability of the retina in strict correlation with morphology. Along with the assessment of light sensitivity, the device allows you to measure fixation parameters, which serves as a reliable criterion for its stability and indirectly reflects the functional organization of central vision. In this regard, the literature review presents the results of domestic and foreign researchers who used microperimetric testing as the main or additional research method for diseases of various etiologies, such as hereditary retinal diseases, amblyopia, and nystagmus. Most authors have demonstrated the high diagnostic significance of this method, the ability to assess photosensitivity of the retina, the detection of fixation disorders, such as eccentricity and instability, even in pediatric patients. The use of microperimetry as a new method of treatment for these diseases has also been shown. Visual rehabilitation based on biofeedback provided by this device has shown high efficiency in diseases of the central region. More research remains to be done to determine future potential applications of this technology, in particular in pediatric practice, and to develop the potential of microperimetry as a tool for the visual rehabilitation of patients.

Public-Private Partnership in New Zealand and Malaysia

<p>The importance of high quality infrastructure and its maintenance lies in its ability to stimulate economic growth as it fuels business activities, creates job opportunities, markets product, and generates earnings (Yakcop, 2006a). In consideration of this importance, the public sector encourages private sector participation in the delivery of public services and infrastructure in terms of funding and expertise. A successful Public Private Partnership (PPP) is one vehicle used internationally. Both New Zealand and Malaysia acknowledge the potential of PPPs in delivering high quality infrastructure and services to the general public. Consequently, both countries made a move towards PPPs by creating PPP-specialized units and producing PPP guidelines. However, thus far, Malaysia has been more active in pursuing PPPs when compared to New Zealand‘s cautious approach to PPPs. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to find out the reasoning behind this trend. Issues relevant to reasons for implementing PPPs, features of PPPs, allocation of risks, performance indicators and accounting for PPPs are analysed to justify this trend. This thesis finds that the Malaysian "Vision 2020" has signalled a government preference for PPPs, including its ability to encourage bumiputera participation. Further, the government has developed a system involving Special Purpose Vehicles and utilizing government-held superannuation funds for project finance aid. Consequently, the system reduces the transfer of risk from the public sector to the private sector partners. This has transcended the major issue in New Zealand where the lack of a competitive market has restricted the development of PPPs. A lack of public support has also contributed to New Zealand‘s PPP under-development.</p>

Public-Private Partnership in New Zealand and Malaysia

<p>The importance of high quality infrastructure and its maintenance lies in its ability to stimulate economic growth as it fuels business activities, creates job opportunities, markets product, and generates earnings (Yakcop, 2006a). In consideration of this importance, the public sector encourages private sector participation in the delivery of public services and infrastructure in terms of funding and expertise. A successful Public Private Partnership (PPP) is one vehicle used internationally. Both New Zealand and Malaysia acknowledge the potential of PPPs in delivering high quality infrastructure and services to the general public. Consequently, both countries made a move towards PPPs by creating PPP-specialized units and producing PPP guidelines. However, thus far, Malaysia has been more active in pursuing PPPs when compared to New Zealand‘s cautious approach to PPPs. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to find out the reasoning behind this trend. Issues relevant to reasons for implementing PPPs, features of PPPs, allocation of risks, performance indicators and accounting for PPPs are analysed to justify this trend. This thesis finds that the Malaysian "Vision 2020" has signalled a government preference for PPPs, including its ability to encourage bumiputera participation. Further, the government has developed a system involving Special Purpose Vehicles and utilizing government-held superannuation funds for project finance aid. Consequently, the system reduces the transfer of risk from the public sector to the private sector partners. This has transcended the major issue in New Zealand where the lack of a competitive market has restricted the development of PPPs. A lack of public support has also contributed to New Zealand‘s PPP under-development.</p>

Assessing the Contribution of Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme on Poverty Reduction in Kigabiro Sector, Rwanda

The study aimed at assessing the contribution of VUP in poverty reduction especially in Kigabiro sector. This study has general objective which is to assess the contribution of Vision 2020 Umurenge programme on poverty reduction supported by three specific objectives which are to assess the contribution of public works on poverty reduction, to determine the contribution of financial services on poverty reduction, and also to evaluate the contribution of direct support services on poverty reduction especially in Kigabiro sector located in Rwamagana district, Eastern province. Internationally, poverty can describe different things in different part of the world to different people, but it can be defined as when people are not able to afford basic needs. USA has come a long way in addressing the problem, but progress seems to have slowed despite the recent years of economic recovery. In Africa, hundred millions of people in the poorer countries are worries only with survival and elementary needs and average poverty rate for sub-Saharan Africa stands at about 41 percent, and of the world’s 28 poorest countries, 27 are in sub-Saharan Africa all with a poverty rate above 30 percent. Referring to Rwanda, because may people in Rwanda live in rural area, they also live-in poverty line which is so hard for GoR to answer each Rwandan’s problem but poverty alleviation program has been established in order to reduce gap of lower bad living condition of Rwandans due to genocide took place in 1994 against Tutsi. In 1994 the poverty rate was 78%, in year of 2000 poverty rate was 60.4%, 2011 poverty rate was 44.9%. 2014 poverty rate was 39.1% and in 2020 poverty rate was 20%. So, even if the poverty rate mentioned above are decreasing, poverty rate of 20% in 2020 is still high meaning that many people are in the poverty which is the main problem in this studies.

The effect of climate change damages on agriculture, forestry and fisheries in ASEAN countries

Countries in ASEAN region have a significant potential for the impact of climate change disruption and disasters such as El Nino, La Nina, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, tropical storms, landslides, and CO2 emissions. The ASEAN Secretariat recorded a progressive increase in CO2 emission levels of around 61% from 2014 to 2025, more than 90% of transboundary haze from the expansion of large-scale commercial plantations, accumulation of plastic waste and household waste that cannot be properly recycled. The contribution of agriculture, forestry and fisheries is also relatively varied. Geographical conditions, policy orientations of each government, structure of production inputs including human resource competence and technology are thought to determine the adverse effects of climate change on the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors. This study focuses on the impact of climate change on the agriculture, fisheries, and forestry sectors in the ASEAN region. The analytical framework is adapted to the ASEAN Vision 2020 and ASEAN Vision 2021. In addition, a deeper analysis of several climate change impact control instruments such as polluter pays, agricultural insurance, agri-environment climate schemes and payments for environmental services will also be studied. These instruments are directed to achieve environmental sustainability in the ASEAN region.

Evaluating Eye Health Care Services Progress Towards VISION 2020 Goals in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia.

Background Ethiopia signed the VISION 2020 Global Declaration and launched its eye health program in 2002. Since then, there has been limited systematic and comprehensive evaluation of the progress towards VISION 2020 goals in Ethiopia.Purpose To evaluate Gurage Zone progress towards VISION 2020 targets and process indicators.Method An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among all public and private eye health care facilities in the Gurage Zone within the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People Region of Ethiopia. The evaluation protocol was adopted from the VISION 2020 situational analysis data collection tool. We used this structure to evaluate progress in terms of human resources, infrastructure, and service delivery at the Zonal Health Office and facility level.Result At the time of the study, the Gurage Zone had a 1.7 million catchment area population. There was a total of five eye care centers, of which one was established by a Non-Governmental Organization. Three of these facilities were secondary eye care centers with an operating theater and two of them were primary eye care centers. At the zonal level, there is no survey data available on the prevalence of blindness. There was no systemic evaluation of VISION 2020 process indicators. The budget allocation specific to eye health care was less than 0.7% of the total budget of the office. The human resources for eye health in the catchment area were: one ophthalmologist, two cataract surgeons, five optometrists, and 12 ophthalmic nurses, which is below the VISION 2020 targets for human resources for eye health. In terms of equipment, neither primary eye care center had a slit lamp biomicroscope, and two of the three secondary eye care centers did not have intraocular pressure (IOP) measuring equipment. Only one secondary eye care center was providing glaucoma surgical services, and no center provided either emergency or elective pediatric surgery. The cataract surgical rate (CSR) determined by the study was 1967.ConclusionGurage Zone had not achieved VISION 2020 goals in terms of critical human resources and service delivery. We recommend that the Zonal Health Office carries out a focused and baseline evaluation of eye health care service achievements.

Vision 2020 – Right to Sight

A cikk bemutatja a WHO Vision 2020 program hátterét, a program megvalósulásához vezető utat. Betekintést nyújt a látássérülések kórokainak és prevalenciájának azon változásaiba, amelyek a program hatására történtek világszerte. A húsz éves akció során az elkerülhető vakság és látáskárosodás megelőzésére szervezett cselekvési tervek nagymértékben hozzájárultak a program sikeréhez. A nemzetközi eredmények mellett a cikk röviden bemutatja a hazai kutatásokat, programokat és eredményeket is. Az elkerülhető vakság felszámolására tett küzdelmek 2020-ra azonban nem fejeződtek be. Új fókuszpontokkal, növekvő globális népességgel szembenézve tovább folytatódnak a vakság és a látássérülés felszámolására tett lépések. Kulcsszavak: WHO, Vision 2020 – Right to Sight, World Riport of Vision, vakság, látássérülés, megelőzés

Efficacy of rural camps in achieving vision 2020: Our contribution

: To assess the effectiveness of rural camps held under DBCS (District Blindness Control Programme) & compare the results of cataract surgery at base hospital cases. It is a retrospective observational study, medical records of patients operated for cataract in camp & patients operated in base hospital are analyzed.In our hospital outpatient department, we saw 2,08,716 patients from 2010-2019 and 7796 underwent cataract surgery. Under DBCS we conducted 262 camps from 2010-2019 & 4611 underwent cataract surgery.A total of 27,524 patients got screened in 262 rural camps and 4671 underwent small incision cataract surgery at the base hospital after detailed clinical examination and IOL (intraocular lens) power calculation for each patient. Among 2,08,716 outpatients at the base hospital, 7796 underwent cataract surgery. The rate of intraoperative complications in the base hospital was 0.885% whereas in camp cases 1.94%.IOL implantation is done in 100%cases in base hospital surgeries and 0.064%patients left aphakic among rural camps.Screening at outreach camps and surgeries at the base hospital can have excellent results. Mass surgeries in camps following standard protocol can have the least number of complications.