Adequacy of Anesthesia and Pupillometry for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Inadequate intraoperative analgesia causes the deterioration of the condition of the surgical field (CSF) as a result of hemodynamic instability. Analgesia monitors are used to guide remifentanil) infusion to optimize intraoperative analgesia. The main aim of the current randomized controlled trial was to investigate the potential advantages of intraoperative analgesia monitoring using surgical Pleth index (SPI)- or pupillometry (PRD)-guided remifentanil administration for managing the volume of total intraoperative blood loss (TEIBL), CSF, and length of operation (LOP) in comparison with the standard practice in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The 89 patients in our study were grouped as follows: 30 patients were assigned to the general analgesia (GA) group, 31 patients were assigned to the SPI group, and 28 patients were assigned to the PRD group. The speed of remifentanil infusion was accelerated by 50% when SPI, PRD, or BSS were increased by >15 points, >5%, or >2, respectively, in adjacent groups until their normalization. The SPI group showed significantly lower TEIBL in comparison to the GA group (165.2 ± 100.2 vs. 283.3 ± 193.5 mL; p < 0.05) and a higher mean arterial pressure (MAP; 73.9 ± 8 vs. 69.2 ± 6.8 mmHg; p < 0.05). In the PRD group, a shorter LOP compared with the GA group was observed (63.1 ± 26.7 min vs. 82.6 ± 33.1 min; p < 0.05). It was noted that the PRD group had a lower total remifentanil consumption than the SPI group (1.3 ± 1.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.9 mg; p < 0.05). In ASA I-III patients undergoing ESS, intraoperative monitoring based on state entropy and SPI values can optimize the CSF and reduce TEIBL, whereas monitoring based on state entropy and PRD measurements can optimize the cost effectiveness of anesthetic drugs and the use of the operation room.

Compression for population genetic data through finite-state entropy

We improve the efficiency of population genetic file formats and GWAS computation by leveraging the distribution of samples in population-level genetic data. We identify conditional exchangeability of these data, recommending finite state entropy algorithms as an arithmetic code naturally suited for compression of population genetic data. We show between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] speed and size improvements over modern dictionary compression methods that are often used for population genetic data such as Zstd and Zlib in computation and decompression tasks. We provide open source prototype software for multi-phenotype GWAS with finite state entropy compression demonstrating significant space saving and speed comparable to the state-of-the-art.

The exact solution of magnetic susceptibility for finite Ising ring with a magnetic impurity

We connected the two ends of a finite spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Ising chain with a magnetic impurity at one end to form a closed ring, and studied the magnetic susceptibility of it exactly by using the transfer matrix method. We calculated the magnetic susceptibility in the whole temperature range and gave the phase diagram at ground state of the system about the anisotropy of the impurity and strength of the connection exchange interaction for spin-1 and 3/2 impurities. We also gave the ground state entropy of system and derived the asymptotic expression of the magnetic susceptibility multiplied by temperature at zero temperature limit and high temperature limit. It is found that degenerate phase may exist in some parameter region at zero temperature for the spin number of system being odd, and the ground state entropy is ln⁡(2) in the nondegenerate phase and is dependent on the number of spin in the degenerate phase. The magnetic susceptibility of the system at low temperature exhibits ferromagnetic behavior, and the Curie constant is related to the spin configuration at ground state. When the ground state is nondegenerate, the Curie constant is equal to the square of the net spin, regardless of the parity of the number of the spin. When the number of spin is odd and the ground state is degenerate, the Curie constant may be related to the total number of spin. In high temperature limit, the magnetic susceptibility multiplied by temperature is related to the spin quantum number of impurity and the number of spin in the ring.

The Impact of Surgical Procedures During Septorhinoplasty on the Intraoperative Pain Response

Background During septorhinoplasty, many different surgical procedures are used to bring the nose to the desired shape and to solve the breathing complaints. As a matter of course, intraoperative pain response occurs due to these procedures. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the intraoperative pain formed during septorhinoplasty surgery with numerical values, and to determine which stage of surgery is more painful. Methods Between April 2019 and March 2020, a total of 30 female patients who were planned to undergo septorhinoplasty were included in this prospective study. Standard anesthesia and analgesia were applied to all patients. During surgery, State Entropy (SE) measure was used to evaluate the depth of anesthesia, and Surgical Pleth Index (SPI) was used to evaluate the response of the central nervous system to pain "Nociception". Results The age of the patients ranged from 18-42-years-old (average, 25.3 ± 6.1 years). The average value of State Entropy (SE) recorded during the surgery for all patients was found to be 45.43 ± 5.37. The mean beginning SPI value recoded from all of the patients was found to be 23.4 ± 8.84, when compared with the beginning value; the values recorded during periost dissection, lateral osteotomy and lower turbinate lateralization were statistically significantly higher (P &lt;0.005). Conclusions Although sufficient depth of anesthesia and standard protocol of analgesia were applied, pain response was found to be significantly higher at some procedures during septorhinoplasty. We think that increasing the depth of anesthesia during these procedures will increase the comfort of this operation by inhibiting pain response.

Adequacy of Anesthesia Guidance for Colonoscopy Procedures

In patients undergoing colonoscopy procedures (CPs), inadequate dosing of hypnotic drugs (HD) and opioid analgesics (OA) during intravenous sedoanalgesia (ISA) may lead to intraprocedural awareness with recall (IAwR), intraprocedural (IPP) and postprocedural pain (PPP), as well as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the titration of HD and OA based on the observance of changing values of state entropy (SE) and surgical pleth index (SPI) (adequacy of anesthesia—AoA), state entropy alone, or standard practice may reduce the number of adverse events. One hundred and fifty-eight patients were included in the final analysis. The rate of IAwR and IPP was statistically more frequent in patients from the C group in comparison with the AoA and SE groups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In turn, the rate of PPP, PONV, and patients’ and operators’ satisfaction with ISA between groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Changes in hemodynamic parameters, demand for HD, and OA were statistically significant, but of no clinical value. In patients undergoing CPs under ISA using propofol and FNT, as compared to standard practice, intraprocedural SE monitoring reduced the rate of IAwR and IPP, with no influence on the rate of PPP, PONV, or patients’ and endoscopists’ satisfaction. AoA guidance on propofol and FNT titration, as compared to SE monitoring only, did not reduce the occurrence of the aforementioned studied parameters, imposing an unnecessary extra cost.

Shortcuts to Squeezed Thermal States

Squeezed state in harmonic systems can be generated through a variety of techniques, including varying the oscillator frequency or using nonlinear two-photon Raman interaction. We focus on these two techniques to drive an initial thermal state into a final squeezed thermal state with controlled squeezing parameters – amplitude and phase – in arbitrary time. The protocols are designed through reverse engineering for both unitary and open dynamics. Control of the dissipation is achieved using stochastic processes, readily implementable via, e.g., continuous quantum measurements. Importantly, this allows controlling the state entropy and can be used for fast thermalization. The developed protocols are thus suited to generate squeezed thermal states at controlled temperature in arbitrary time.

Compression for population genetic data through finite-state entropy

We improve the efficiency of population genetic file formats and GWAS computation by leveraging the distribution of sample ordering in population-level genetic data. We identify conditional exchangeability of these data, recommending finite state entropy algorithms as an arithmetic code naturally suited to population genetic data. We show between 10% and 40% speed and size improvements over dictionary compression methods for population genetic data such as Zstd and Zlib in computation and and decompression tasks. We provide a prototype for genome-wide association study with finite state entropy compression demonstrating significant space saving and speed comparable to the state-of-the-art.