Effects on a Nearby Bridge of Dismantling Temporary Lining During Excavation of a Shallow-Buried Rectangular Tunnel

It is almost inevitable that when a tunnel is excavated in an urban area, it will pass under an existing bridge. During tunnel excavation, a temporary lining is installed and subsequently removed. However, dismantling temporary lining may affect the stability of a nearby bridge. A numerical model was created and tests were conducted on a large-scale physical model to investigate the effects of dismantling temporary lining on a nearby bridge structure. A novel method of modeling the restraining force at the top of a pier was introduced to make the model more accurate in representing the physical situation. Analysis of the results led to the following conclusions and suggestions. 1. The process of removing temporary lining can have a significant impact on surface settlement and structural deformation of the bridge. 2. The effect of removing the second half temporary lining is greater than that of removing the first half. The key range of the tunnel where this phenomenon is principally observed contains one section of tunnel ahead (i.e., in the direction of tunnel advance) of the bridge span and the two sections to the rear. 3. A 6 m–3 m–6 m mixed dismantling method is recommended for use in the key range, and a rigid cap-connection method is proposed to counteract the considerable effects of dismantling temporary lining.

A Strategic Communication Framework

Decades of research on public communication campaigns has generated a large volume of insights that are often siloed and fragmented across many fields and topic areas, making it difficult for researchers and practitioners to distill these insights into an overarching framework. Further, most research and theory focus only on a select few of the factors that determine the total impact of communication campaigns. In this article, we present a general framework for understanding the effects of strategic communication campaigns. We define the driving force as all the efforts, contexts, and systems that advance the campaign’s goals, and the restraining force as those that restrict the campaign’s goals. The total impact of any driving or restraining force can be understood as the product of its reach, effect, and durability. Reach refers to the proportion of people in the target population that are exposed to the corresponding driving or restraining force. Effect refers to the size of the impact of that force, among those who are exposed. Durability refers to the extent to which the effect of that force lasts over time and/or resists opposing forces. We highlight how this framework can be used to distill, connect, and interpret large amounts of extant research and theory, how it can be used by practitioners to design future campaigns and diagnose the degree of success or failure of past campaigns, and how it can be used by researchers to design research programs and identify persisting knowledge gaps.

New drawbead tester and numerical analysis of drawbead closure force

Currently, a great deal of controversy exists regarding the real forces generated in drawbeads during sheet metal forming processes. The present work focuses on the analysis of the uplift force. First, a detailed literature review is carried out to analyse previous experimental procedures used to measure uplift forces. It is found that previous setups do not perfectly replicate the real geometry of industrial drawbeads. In order to obtain reliable forces, an experimental drawbead tester capable of adequately replicating industrial drawbeads is developed. Later, a variety of steels ranging from mild steels to 3rd-generation ultra-high-strength steels are tested and reliable uplift and also restraining force values are obtained. The main purpose of the work is to share with the research community reliable experimental data that allows precise evaluation of the accuracy of current drawbead models and that supports the generation of new numerical and equivalent drawbead models. In parallel to the experimental procedure, a step forward in the understanding of the drawbead closing phenomena is also achieved through a 2D numerical model. The main purpose of the model is to identify the variables that greatly affect uplift force. Going beyond previous studies, in which some variables were analysed, the present work covers, in a holistic manner, the impact that material properties, the geometry of drawbeads and contact behaviour between sheet and drawbead have on the uplift force. It is determined that surprisingly minor geometrical deviations in the drawbead nominal geometry have a large impact on the uplift force.

Albania would benefit by opposition return to politics

Significance The outright majority won by the Socialist Party (PS) gives Prime Minister Edi Rama a third consecutive term in office. His run of victories is unprecedented in Albania’s post-communist history, which began with multi-party elections in 1991. The elections also signalled the re-emergence of the opposition Democratic Party (PD) as a credible alternative to the PS. Impacts A stronger PD could act as a restraining force on Rama’s tendency to ignore opposition to his policies. The position of the PD leader is under threat after his second failure to unseat Rama. Leadership continuity and vaccinations prioritising the tourism sector should help the economy bounce back from the 2020 recession.

Fichte’s Ethics on Radical Evil

Fichte constructs the general part of his early ethics as a philosophy of concrete freedom in the shape of a history of moral self-consciousness, and in the course of this construction he discovers something what he, in Kantian stile, may call a “radical evil in human nature”, that is, a force of “inertness to reflection and to activity in accordance with such reflection” inherent to human nature. Schelling and some contemporary authors recognize in Fichte’s doctrine of evil a symptom of his return to the ethical naturalism of the Enlightenment. An anal­ysis of the dynamics of moral reflection in the I according to Fichte shows, however, that, exactly as the I itself is for Fichte essentially a duality, a subject-object, so is each particular position in the movement of the self-reflection of the I, on the one hand, conditioned by this spiritual inertness of human nature, but that same inertness is, on the other hand, a chain with which human free­dom retains itself, and therefore actually inexistent as a restraining force for a free I, conscious of his own ethical vocation, so that its dwelling within the limits of the customary (in the invariability of consciousness) is the subject’s own fault as “non-use of freedom”. The spiritual inertness, as an empirical con­dition of possibility of a bad choice, is nevertheless in Fichte a spiritual force of a specific kind, active even there where ethical choice in the strict sense of the term is not (yet) at issue. Schelling’s reproof must therefore be acknowledged as invalid, exactly because the history of self-consciousness is, in Fichte’s ethics, not so much an exposition of a real sequence, as a transcendental reflec­tion of grounds.

A PSYCHOANALYTICAL STUDY OF PAUL MOREL’S SEXUAL DESIRE IN D.H LAWRENCE’S SONS AND LOVERS

<p class="15"><strong>This research examines the</strong><strong> </strong><strong>sexual desire</strong><strong> of Paul Morel, a male main character in the D.H Lawrence’s novel Sons and Lovers. </strong><strong>It</strong><strong> is a descriptive qualitative library</strong><strong> research</strong><strong> </strong><strong>with the</strong><strong> main data are the narrative and dialogue</strong><strong>s taken from the respective</strong><strong> novel</strong><strong>.</strong><strong></strong></p><p class="15"><strong>Th</strong><strong>e</strong><strong> </strong><strong>study</strong><strong> aims to describe how Paul Morel’s </strong><strong>sexual desire</strong><strong> in the novel Sons and Lovers is constructed. It uses Freudian psychoanalysis approach to reveal the pattern of intimate relationships between Paul Morel and three most- significant women in his life: Gertrude Morel, Miriam Leviers, and Clara Dawes.</strong><strong> </strong><strong></strong></p><p class="15"><strong>The result of the study shows that Paul </strong><strong>sexual desire</strong><strong> is constructed by his relationship with three women characters that posit different effect</strong><strong>s</strong><strong> to him</strong><strong>.</strong><strong> Paul experiences Oedipus complex when he is a child. </strong><strong>T</strong><strong>he mother acts as the restraining force that restricts Paul from fulfilling his sexual desire with other women. Paul and Miriam</strong><strong>’s</strong><strong> relationship is the manifestation of the id versus the superego. There’s an endless battle between Paul’s raw desire and Miriam’s religiosity. Meanwhile Paul and Clara</strong><strong>’s</strong><strong> relationship is the realization of the id. The intimacy between them is solely based on pleasure principle and satisfaction pursuit. </strong><strong></strong></p><p align="justify"><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><strong>id,</strong><strong> </strong><strong>ego</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>psychoanalysis, </strong><strong>sexual desire</strong><strong>, superego</strong></p>