Evaluation of Anti-depressant, Anti-anxiety and Muscle Relaxant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Aerva javanica Roots

Aims: To evaluate anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Aerva javanica roots in various experimental animal models. Study Design: Animal study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Bilwal Medchem and Research Laboratory, Jaipur from July 2021-August 2021. Methodology: The root powder of Aerva javanica was extracted with hydroalcoholic solvent (70% ethanol). The hydroalcoholic extract at three doses 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg was checked for anti-depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity in the experimental animal models. To determine the anti-depressant activity tail suspension test, locomotor activity, open field test, and MAO inhibitor assay were done; to determine the anti-anxiety activity hole board test was used; and to determine the skeletal muscle relaxant activity rotarod test, grip strength test, and chimney test were done. Results: In the tail suspension test, the extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility compared to normal control (p<0.0001). The extract at dose 400 mg/kg significantly reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity compared to the normal control group (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). The extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were able to decrease locomotor activity in actophotomoter and increased time spent in centre square in open field test revealing the sedative effect of the extract. In hole board test, the extract at dose 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly increased number of head dip count (p<0.0001 and p<0.001) respectively. In the rotarod test, the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the time spent on the rotating rod (p<0.0001), compared to normal control. Similarly, in the grip strength test the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the time spend on suspended wire revealing the skeletal muscle relaxant property of the test extract. Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that the extract exert anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and skeletal muscle relaxant like activity in the experimental rat which was hypothesized to be attributed to the flavonoids present in the hydroalcoholic root extract of Aerva javanica.

Evaluation of Selected Flavonoids for the Anthelmintic and Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Activity using Animal Models

Most fruits and vegetables contain flavonoids, a type of phytonutrient. As well as carotenoids, they're responsible for fruits and vegetable brilliant hues. Some other phytonutrients such as flavonoids are strong antioxidants with anti-inflammatory and immune properties. There are many flavonoids, including anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids. Quercetin and chrysin were chosen for the investigation. Humans and other animals can contract Helminthiasis (helminthiases), sometimes known as worm infection. Tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes are only a few of the parasites that exist. Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to treat spasticity caused by upper motor neuron syndromes and muscle discomfort or musculoskeletal spasms created by peripheral disturbances. Samples of quercetin and chrysin were generated in the presence of 0.5% SCMC suspension at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/ml, and then analyzed. To keep track of photocell beam disruptions, a six-digit counter was utilized (locomotor activity). It was time to turn on the actophotometer and examine the locomotor behavior of each rat for five minutes. The basal activity levels of all the animals were recorded. Keywords: Flavonoids, Anthelmintic, Skeletal Muscle relaxant, animal models

Study of Multifaceted Effect of Vitexnegundo Leaves Aqueous Extract and Decoction for Pain Relief in Experimental Models

Background: Pain is the warning signal of underlying pathology. Analgesic drugs are used as per the severity of pain. These drugs have their own adverse drug reactions, sometimes requiring the discontinuation of treatment. Perception and reaction to the pain are two important facets of pain. Reaction in the form of fear,restlessness, spasm of the muscles etc. are seen. Effectiveness of Vitexnegundoin pain have been studied, we planned to evaluate the associated components of it. Objectives: To evaluate, the Analgesic action, Anxiolytic action and Muscle relaxant action of Vitexnegundo leaves aqueous extract (VNLE) and Vitexnegundo dried leaves decoction (VNDLD). Material and methods: Fresh prepared VNLE and VNDLD are the two preparations of Vitexnegundo used to evaluate the analgesic, anxiolytic and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. Wistar rats and mice of either sex were divided into four groups, control, positive control, VNLE&VNDLD. Standard drug pentazocine& diazepam were used for analgesic & skeletal muscle relaxant property respectively. Rats were exposed to hot plate for Analgesic activity, elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiolytic effect and mice to rotarod apparatus for checking skeletal muscle relaxation after the drug treatment.Analysis was done with graph pad prism 6. Results: Pain threshold was significantly increased at (p<0.001) Pentazocine and (p<0.01) in Vitexnigundo juice as observed from increase in reaction time. VNLE and VNDLD significantly showed positive effect on the parameters of the EPM. This observation was comparable with the standard drug diazepam. Time spent on the rota rod was significantly reduced in all drug treated mice. Conclusion:Analgesic and antianxiety activity of Vitexnegundo is confirmed.Fresh juice VNLE was more effective than the VNDLD. It also possesses skeletal muscle relaxant action, enhancing the pain relief.

Synthesis, Physicochemical, Computational and Biological Evaluation of Phenylurea Derivatives as CNS agents

Background: A series of phenylurea derivatives were designed and synthesized, The target compounds were subjected to pharmacological studies. Various other parameters such as physicochemical properties, computational studies, and % similarity were also calculated. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of the target compounds has been carried out by reaction of Phenylurea with chloroacetyl chloride to afford 1-(2-chloroacetyl)-3-phenylurea, which further reacted with substituted anilines. All the reactions were monitored by TLC. All the target compounds were purified by recrystallization and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Physicochemical parameters and Log P values of the synthesized derivatives were also calculated. It identified compounds that have the prospect to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are CNS active. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity was also carried out using the Rotarod method. Results: The data of Log P indicated that the synthesized compounds have the potential to cross the BBB, so they are CNS active. Pharmacological activities of the derivatives showed that the compounds containing chloro group have moderate skeletal muscle relaxant activity. The test compounds possess significant differences between the control group and the treated group. Conclusion: The synthesized derivatives containing chloro group were found to be more potent when compared to standard drug Diazepam. Various others parameters studied revealed that the drug has the potency to cross the blood-brain barrier.

EVALUATION OF CENTRALLY ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF ASHWAGANDHA (WITHANIA SOMNIFERA) ROOTS IN ALBINO MICE.

BACKGROUND:Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that are used to relax and diminish tightness in muscles. Many medicinal plants have known to have skeletal muscle relaxant activity. In past studies some Polyherbal formulation containing Ashwagandha as one of the ingredients and its fat extract have shown to have skeletal muscle relaxant activity in experimental animal models. This study is intended to evaluate the skeletal muscle relaxant activity of alcoholic extracts of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) roots in albino mice, as the literature regarding this extract is scarce. METHODOLOGY: Standard drug (diazepam), different doses of Alcohol extract of ashwagandha (50,100, 150 mg/kg) were given orally to mice and muscle relaxant activity was assessed by Rota-rod apparatus. The fall off time from the rotating rod was noted for each group after 1 hour of drug administration. The difference in fall off time among the standard drug and treated mice was taken as an index of muscle relaxation. RESULTS:The test extract at its different doses showed highly signicant reduction in the time spent by the animals on revolving rod in rotarod test when compared to baseline (p < 0.0001) which is highly signicant. On comparison with diazepam, different doses of Alcohol extract showed weak relaxant activity. CONCLUSIONS : The three different doses of Alcoholic extract showed a dose dependent rise in muscle relaxant action. The results are promising for further investigation of efcient skeletal muscle relaxant activity.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT ACTIVITY FOR NOVEL [1,4]DIAZEPINO[2,3-G]QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES

Novel [1,4]diazepino[2,3-g]quinoxaline derivatives 5a-5i were designed, synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic method and elemental analysis. The title compounds were screened for skeletal muscle relaxant. Among the synthesized analogs, compound 5g and compound 5h revealed significant skeletal muscle relaxant activity. The relationship between the functional group variation and the biological activity of the synthesized compounds is discussed.