Evaluation of Anti-depressant, Anti-anxiety and Muscle Relaxant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Aerva javanica Roots

Aims: To evaluate anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Aerva javanica roots in various experimental animal models. Study Design: Animal study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Bilwal Medchem and Research Laboratory, Jaipur from July 2021-August 2021. Methodology: The root powder of Aerva javanica was extracted with hydroalcoholic solvent (70% ethanol). The hydroalcoholic extract at three doses 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg was checked for anti-depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity in the experimental animal models. To determine the anti-depressant activity tail suspension test, locomotor activity, open field test, and MAO inhibitor assay were done; to determine the anti-anxiety activity hole board test was used; and to determine the skeletal muscle relaxant activity rotarod test, grip strength test, and chimney test were done. Results: In the tail suspension test, the extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility compared to normal control (p<0.0001). The extract at dose 400 mg/kg significantly reduced MAO-A and MAO-B activity compared to the normal control group (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). The extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were able to decrease locomotor activity in actophotomoter and increased time spent in centre square in open field test revealing the sedative effect of the extract. In hole board test, the extract at dose 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly increased number of head dip count (p<0.0001 and p<0.001) respectively. In the rotarod test, the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the time spent on the rotating rod (p<0.0001), compared to normal control. Similarly, in the grip strength test the extract at dose 200 and 400 mg/kg decreased the time spend on suspended wire revealing the skeletal muscle relaxant property of the test extract. Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that the extract exert anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and skeletal muscle relaxant like activity in the experimental rat which was hypothesized to be attributed to the flavonoids present in the hydroalcoholic root extract of Aerva javanica.

Evaluation of Selected Flavonoids for the Anthelmintic and Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Activity using Animal Models

Most fruits and vegetables contain flavonoids, a type of phytonutrient. As well as carotenoids, they're responsible for fruits and vegetable brilliant hues. Some other phytonutrients such as flavonoids are strong antioxidants with anti-inflammatory and immune properties. There are many flavonoids, including anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids. Quercetin and chrysin were chosen for the investigation. Humans and other animals can contract Helminthiasis (helminthiases), sometimes known as worm infection. Tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes are only a few of the parasites that exist. Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to treat spasticity caused by upper motor neuron syndromes and muscle discomfort or musculoskeletal spasms created by peripheral disturbances. Samples of quercetin and chrysin were generated in the presence of 0.5% SCMC suspension at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/ml, and then analyzed. To keep track of photocell beam disruptions, a six-digit counter was utilized (locomotor activity). It was time to turn on the actophotometer and examine the locomotor behavior of each rat for five minutes. The basal activity levels of all the animals were recorded. Keywords: Flavonoids, Anthelmintic, Skeletal Muscle relaxant, animal models

Synthesis, Physicochemical, Computational and Biological Evaluation of Phenylurea Derivatives as CNS agents

Background: A series of phenylurea derivatives were designed and synthesized, The target compounds were subjected to pharmacological studies. Various other parameters such as physicochemical properties, computational studies, and % similarity were also calculated. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of the target compounds has been carried out by reaction of Phenylurea with chloroacetyl chloride to afford 1-(2-chloroacetyl)-3-phenylurea, which further reacted with substituted anilines. All the reactions were monitored by TLC. All the target compounds were purified by recrystallization and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Physicochemical parameters and Log P values of the synthesized derivatives were also calculated. It identified compounds that have the prospect to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are CNS active. Skeletal muscle relaxant activity was also carried out using the Rotarod method. Results: The data of Log P indicated that the synthesized compounds have the potential to cross the BBB, so they are CNS active. Pharmacological activities of the derivatives showed that the compounds containing chloro group have moderate skeletal muscle relaxant activity. The test compounds possess significant differences between the control group and the treated group. Conclusion: The synthesized derivatives containing chloro group were found to be more potent when compared to standard drug Diazepam. Various others parameters studied revealed that the drug has the potency to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Anti-depressant, anxiolytic and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira linn. Leaves

Background: The ethnopharmacological relevance suggests that the ethnic minorities of India use leaves of Cissampelos pareira L as a traditional medicine for curing various psychopharmacological disorders. Objective: To evaluate anti-depressant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira. Results: No moribund status or mortality was observed in experimental mice up to 2000 mg/kg dose of Cissampelos pareira hydroalcoholic extract (CPHE). In the open field and actophotometer tests, CPHE 200 and 400 mg/kg treated mice with significantly abridged ambulation, a number of central squares crossed, total locomotion, and depicted less coordinated movements. While, in despair swim and tail suspension tests, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated mice significantly decreased duration of immobility and increased number of climbing, confirming its anti-depressant effect. In an elevated plus-maze test, CPHE 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the open arm exploration; in hole board test, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated rats augmented the number of head dips, depicting its anxiolytic effect. In rotarod, grip strength, and inclined plane test, CPHE 400 mg/kg treated mice decreased in fall off time on a rotating rod, suspended wire, or inclined plane. Furthermore, in the chimney test, treatment with CPHE 400 depicted less coordinated movements in mice, and mice of this group took more time to leave the cylinder, depicting its skeletal muscle relaxant effect. Conclusion: Based on the result, it can be concluded that CPHE 400 mg/kg exhibits strong anti-depressant, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects, justifying its traditional uses.

EVALUATION OF CENTRALLY ACTING SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF ASHWAGANDHA (WITHANIA SOMNIFERA) ROOTS IN ALBINO MICE.

BACKGROUND:Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that are used to relax and diminish tightness in muscles. Many medicinal plants have known to have skeletal muscle relaxant activity. In past studies some Polyherbal formulation containing Ashwagandha as one of the ingredients and its fat extract have shown to have skeletal muscle relaxant activity in experimental animal models. This study is intended to evaluate the skeletal muscle relaxant activity of alcoholic extracts of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) roots in albino mice, as the literature regarding this extract is scarce. METHODOLOGY: Standard drug (diazepam), different doses of Alcohol extract of ashwagandha (50,100, 150 mg/kg) were given orally to mice and muscle relaxant activity was assessed by Rota-rod apparatus. The fall off time from the rotating rod was noted for each group after 1 hour of drug administration. The difference in fall off time among the standard drug and treated mice was taken as an index of muscle relaxation. RESULTS:The test extract at its different doses showed highly signicant reduction in the time spent by the animals on revolving rod in rotarod test when compared to baseline (p < 0.0001) which is highly signicant. On comparison with diazepam, different doses of Alcohol extract showed weak relaxant activity. CONCLUSIONS : The three different doses of Alcoholic extract showed a dose dependent rise in muscle relaxant action. The results are promising for further investigation of efcient skeletal muscle relaxant activity.

ANALYSIS ON THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIALS OF MADHUKADI CHURNA IN ASRIGDAR W.S.R TO DUB.

Asrigdar is a gynaecological condition defined as excessive bleeding during menstruation. Acharya Charak has described this condition due to vitiation of vata & pitta dosha along with rakta dosha. According to modern science, dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is an irregular, excessive uterine bleeding without any organic cause in the uterus which correlates with the Asrigdar vyadhi mentioned in Ayurveda literature. This condition affects women’s health both medically & socially. Acharya Sushrut says if remain untreated Asrigdar can lead to various complications such as Pandu (anaemia), Vatavyadhi. In the present review the drugs present in madhukadi churna were compiled, analysed and presented scientifically along with their probable mode of action in the management of Asrigdar based on various reported research work. Madhukadi churna is a Rakta –pitta shamak, rakta sangrahaniya combination and also balances vata dosha and kapha dosha. It is a rakta sangrahaniya kalpa due to its tikta kashaya, madhur rasa and sheet virya. Madhukadi churna has potent yonisankochakar (astringent effect on uterine vessels) and raktastrav rodhak (Haemostatic) properties. The drugs in madhukadi churna are proven for their phytoestrogenic action, astringent effect, haemostatic action, muscle relaxant activity, anti-thrombin activity, balances FSH, LH hormones thereby useful for treating Asrigdar (DUB). The present review work reports that madhukadi churna can be used for treating Asrigdar.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT ACTIVITY FOR NOVEL [1,4]DIAZEPINO[2,3-G]QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES

Novel [1,4]diazepino[2,3-g]quinoxaline derivatives 5a-5i were designed, synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic method and elemental analysis. The title compounds were screened for skeletal muscle relaxant. Among the synthesized analogs, compound 5g and compound 5h revealed significant skeletal muscle relaxant activity. The relationship between the functional group variation and the biological activity of the synthesized compounds is discussed.