Motor Inhibition to Dangerous Objects: Electrophysiological Evidence for Task-dependent Aversive Affordances

Previous work suggests that perception of an object automatically facilitates actions related to object grasping and manipulation. Recently, the notion of automaticity has been challenged by behavioral studies suggesting that dangerous objects elicit aversive affordances that interfere with encoding of an object's motor properties; however, related EEG studies have provided little support for these claims. We sought EEG evidence that would support the operation of an inhibitory mechanism that interferes with the motor encoding of dangerous objects, and we investigated whether such mechanism would be modulated by the perceived distance of an object and the goal of a given task. EEGs were recorded by 24 participants who passively perceived dangerous and neutral objects in their peripersonal, boundary, or extrapersonal space and performed either a reachability judgment task or a categorization task. Our results showed that greater attention, reflected in the visual P1 potential, was drawn by dangerous and reachable objects. Crucially, a frontal N2 potential, associated with motor inhibition, was larger for dangerous objects only when participants performed a reachability judgment task. Furthermore, a larger parietal P3b potential for dangerous objects indicated the greater difficulty in linking a dangerous object to the appropriate response, especially when it was located in the participants' extrapersonal space. Taken together, our results show that perception of dangerous objects elicits aversive affordances in a task-dependent way and provides evidence for the operation of a neural mechanism that does not code affordances of dangerous objects automatically, but rather on the basis of contextual information.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOECOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TUTA ABSOLUTA POVOLNY (LEPEDOPTERA:GELECHIIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

The article provides data on the determination of morphological features and bioecological features of the development of a particularly dangerous object Tuta absoluta (Povlony) in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In greenhouses and laboratory conditions, the imago begins to actively mate 3-4 hours before sunrise. In laboratory conditions, females lay eggs on the surface of leaves (35%), below (45%), stems (15%), fruit leaves (5%), but the fruit was not laid. After hatching from the eggs, the larvae chew through the entrance to the mesoderm of the leaf and penetrate for 5 minutes. The Larva Of T. absoluta is almost cylindrical in shape, with a distinct head, three pairs of pectoral legs, and five pairs of ventral pseudopods. After completing all five stages of development, the larvae emerge from the mine, and sometimes pupate there. Before pupation, the larva changes its color from dark green to light green. The pupa of the tomato moth, as in other Lepidoptera, is of the “obtecto " type, that is, with the future appendages of adults. It has the shape of a cone 4.5-5 mm long and 1.3-1.5 mm wide, greenish in color, turning to a more intense brown, and at the end of development becomes brown. In the population, females predominate over males. At a temperature of 15°C and 33°C the ratio of female to female life expectancy varies. The higher the air temperature, the more females predominate in the population.

Retrospective analysis of the orbits of asteroids colliding with the Earth

In this paper, we consider the trajectories of real and model asteroids that lead to collisions with the Earth. They highlight the close approaches to the Earth that precede the impact. The presence of such approaches allows you to detect a dangerous object in advance, clarify its orbit, and also use the effect of a gravitational maneuver to economically prevent an asteroid from hitting the Earth. The article considers various families of collision trajectories: possible trajectories of real dangerous asteroids, as well as model ones trajectories that are not linked to a specific object. It is shown that in the first case, the approaches preceding the collision are noticeably greater.

Determination of Integrated Safety of High-Risk Structures According to Criteria of Acceptable and Manageable Risks

The paper considers the transition from traditional methods and systems for determining the standard and limit states of potentially dangerous objects by criteria of strength, resource and reliability to new perspective methods for assessing the risks of managing them. The conditions for ensuring the complex safety and security of the equipment and high-risk structures by the criteria of acceptable and managed risks are determined. It is established that the level of risk for assessing the safety status of a potentially dangerous object is defined as a probabilistic measure of the occurrence of man-made or natural phenomena, which are accompanied by the formation and action of harmful factors, as well as inflicted social, environmental, economic and other kinds of losses.

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL METHODS OF PREVENTION OF EMERGENCIES DUE TO FIRE IN THE CONDITIONS OF ELECTRIC POWER DAMAGE

The problem of formation of complex approaches to hardware realization of engineering and technical methods of prevention of emergency situations owing to a fire on potentially dangerous objects in the conditions of damage of power supply of systems of emergency counteraction is considered in the work. The analysis of warning methods used to detect emergencies due to fire at potentially dangerous objects proved that in specific operating conditions, namely damage to the power supply of emergency response systems, known protection methods (hazard identification as its initial stage) are ineffective. At the same time, the use of alternative methods, such as methods based on the phenomenon of acoustic emission, despite their proven ability in other areas of public safety, remains highly questionable because at present there is no appropriate mathemati-cal apparatus on which to form algorithmic and procedural basis. these innovative approaches. It is to solve this urgent problem, the formation of the mathematical apparatus of engineering and technical methods of emergency prevention due to fire in the event of damage to the power supply of emergency response systems, and the above research is directed. Based on the above, the purpose of the study is to form integrated approaches to the hardware implementa-tion of engineering and technical methods of emergency prevention due to fire at potentially dangerous objects in the event of damage to the power supply of emergency response systems. To ensure this goal, the following tasks are solved: the sequence of stages of processing acoustic signals is determined; the general requirements to hardware realization of engineering and technical methods and the gen-eral functional scheme of practical realization of the demanded approach are formed. During the research the sequence of the main stages of processing of acoustic signals from the source of an emergency situation as a result of a fire at a potentially dangerous object is generalized and determined. The general requirements to hardware realization of engineering and technical methods of the prevention of emergency situations owing to a fire on potentially dangerous objects in the conditions of damage of power sup-ply of systems of emergency counteraction are formed. The general example of realization of the functional scheme of engineering and technical methods of preven-tion of emergencies in energy difficult conditions of functioning of potentially dangerous object is considered. Recommendations concerning a possibility of application of required methods in practical activity are resulted. Keywords: emergency situation, engineering and technical methods, acoustic signal, emergency power sup-ply system