Personal Jurisdiction Based on the Location of a Server: Chinese Territorialism in the Internet Era?

Whether a court can exercise personal jurisdiction based on the location of a server in internet tort cases is a controversial issue. Its significance comes from the paradox that the internet is de-localized because it is ubiquitous, but servers are indispensable to the internet and every server has a geographic location. Since 2001, Chinese law has allowed courts to exercise personal jurisdiction solely based on the location of a server or other computing equipment in intellectual property infringement cases. Recently, it has extended this jurisdiction rule to all internet torts. This paper asks whether the location of a server should be considered as the place where the tort occurs and whether this territorial-based jurisdiction rule can suffice its public-law legislative goal. It may enrich current research about technology-mediated legal challenges to private international law in two aspects. Firstly, it conducts a broad international survey by looking into laws in China, the US, Australia and the EU. It also analyzes where the tort occurs when servers are owned by an infringer, a third party or an infringee in domain name registration, service outsourcing, platform, cloud computing, commercial spams, etc. It concludes that in legal theory, the location of the server is not the place where an internet tort occurs. Secondly, by analyzing China’s experience, it argues that, in the internet era, states have to look for private-international-law tools to advance their public policy claims. However, the practice shows that the territorial-based jurisdiction rule is limited in fulfilling its pubic-law legislative goal.

Juridical Analysis of Regulation Controling of Import or Export of Goods That are Suspected or Originating of Intellectual Property Infringment, Particularly on Registered Trademark

Protection of intellectual property laws can be started from the action of preventing the entry or exit of goods from a country. The Directorate General of Customs and Excise, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, which is the implementing agency in the customs sector, can control the import or export of goods suspected of being or originating from the result of intellectual property infringement. It is a financial activity involving several institutions including the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia as executor, the Directorate of Trademarks, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights as the institution that issues trademark rights and the Commercial District Court to exercise judicial authority. Its implementation, regulations have been made regarding the processes and conditions for controlling the export and import of goods, which accommodate the interests of the state as a regulator with the aim of regulating and harmonizing customs regulations and trademark law and the interests of rights holders or mark owners as the injured party if there is an infringement. However, there are arrangements that are "considered" to be detrimental to the right holder or registered mark owner, that is in relation to the domicile of the party applying for trademark protection in the customs area. This research uses a normative research type and a statue approach as well as a conceptual approach. So that with this research the brand owners or rights holders can determine the right steps to protect the registered marks in accordance with applicable regulations.

LifeLine for FPGA Protection: Obfuscated Cryptography for Real-World Security

Over the last decade attacks have repetitively demonstrated that bitstream protection for SRAM-based FPGAs is a persistent problem without a satisfying solution in practice. Hence, real-world hardware designs are prone to intellectual property infringement and malicious manipulation as they are not adequately protected against reverse-engineering.In this work, we first review state-of-the-art solutions from industry and academia and demonstrate their ineffectiveness with respect to reverse-engineering and design manipulation. We then describe the design and implementation of novel hardware obfuscation primitives based on the intrinsic structure of FPGAs. Based on our primitives, we design and implement LifeLine, a hardware design protection mechanism for FPGAs using hardware/software co-obfuscated cryptography. We show that LifeLine offers effective protection for a real-world adversary model, requires minimal integration effort for hardware designers, and retrofits to already deployed (and so far vulnerable) systems.

Old wine in a new bottle? Assessing the injunction remedy for intellectual property disputes in China

The landmark eBay case in the US has noticeably influenced Chinese judicial practices concerning intellectual property injunctions. The injunctive relief in intellectual property infringement cases in China has witnessed a change from a traditional automatic-granting approach to a more equitable approach. However, there are still some issues, namely: the standards of awarding injunctive relief in intellectual property cases are unclear; the civil law tradition and procedure can create issues when applying for injunctions; and the scope of the injunction could be disproportionate in certain cases. In order to address these concerns, China needs to publish judicial interpretations to clarify that the eBay test can be applied to both preliminary injunctions and permanent injunctions. China should further polish up its civil procedure legislation to enable a permanent injunction to be effective immediately, even at the first instance, and to allow the parties to an intellectual property contract to have agreements on conditions of applying for injunctive relief. Additionally, Chinese courts should adopt a proportionate method in determining cases regarding intellectual property injunctions.

Foreing and domestic experience in protecting intellectual property right to jewelry and jewelry

Key words: copyright, jewelry, bijouterie, unfair competition, trademark, litigation Fedorova N. Foreing and domestic experience in protecting intellectual property right to jewelry and jewelry. The article focuses on studying the issue of protecting the design of artistic jewelry and bijouterie. The concept of “functionality” for jewelry is analyzed, namely, it is determined that the «functionality» notion is the quality of servicing the useful purpose. For example, a chair manufacturer cannot claim the four legs of a chair as a copyright. These four legs are a useful and functional aspect of this chair. If a competitor also manufactures a chair with 4 legs, it does not infringe any manufacturer's right, since these legs are for functional purposes only. The concept of«functionality» in jewelry means that the last cannot be protected as a normal work, since it is purely utilitarian. For example, the hands or numbers on the dial of a watch are considered as functional because the exclusive use of these aspects seriously impedes healthy competition in the watch industry. On the other hand, unique jewelry design cannot be considered functional as it has the exclusive use of its particular elements’ combination.The analysis of European legislation and US judicial practice is carried out. Under applicable US copyright law, jewelry is a subject to copyright. Under normal circumstances, the law does not require prior registration of jewelry copyright. However, in order to protect jewelry or bijouterie under the US Law on Copyright, it must meet certain conditions. The complaining party must provide evidence of illegal copying of the work and prove copyright infringement. In case of violation of copyright for jewelry, the author or the jewelry house must prove:•the originality of design;•the uniqueness in the elements combination in the process of jewelry design development.The object of an industrial design can be a shape, pattern, color, or their combination that determines the appearance of an industrial product. The main criterion for the industrial design patentability is its novelty. However, in practice, an examination for novelty when registering a designation as an industrial design, according to Alexandra Odinets, is not carried out, and the patent is issued «under the responsibility of the applicant».With regard to unfair competition in the jewelry market, according to the US jurisprudence, it is more often an offense in this context than a violation of trademark rights or copyright infringement. It is unfair competition that misleads a consumer. A competitor, by assigning a good name and an reputation established, is trying to get profit. The definition of unfair competition is carried out in a comprehensive manner, here the court will not focus on one feature of a piece of jewelry but would consider all its inherent features. In particular, it is a combination of unique elements that provide the originality of the product.The article provides recommendations for jewelry and bijouterie authors on copyright protection. 1. Pro avtorski i sumizhni prava : Zakon Ukrainy. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3792-12#Text. 2. Tomarov I. Fashion Law: kopiiuvaty ne mozhna zaboronyty! Yurydychna hazeta Online. 2017. № 25(575). URL:https://yur-gazeta.com/publications/practice/zahist-intelektualnoyi-vlasnosti-avtorske-pravo/fashion-law-kopiyuvati-ne-mozhna-zaboroniti.html. 3. Herbert Rosenthal Jewelry Corp. v. Kalpakian, 446 F.2d 738 (9th Cir. 1971). 4. Dyrektyva Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu № 98/71. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_a88#Text. 5. “Designer” Jewelry vs. “Inspired-by” Jewelry: Intellectual Property Infringement and Unfair Competition Considerations, 34. 6. Davis v. Gap, Inc. - 246 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. 2001). 7. Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc. v Charel Co., 134 F Supp 551 (1955, DC NY). 8. Copyright Law of the United States §102, at 68 (2000). 9. Cprava Vacheron I Constantin-LeCoultreWatches, Inc. proty Benrus Watch Co., Inc. URL: http://saperlaw.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/cba-fashion-presentation-final.pdf (last visited April 19th, 2008). 10. Cosmetic Ideas, Inc. v. IAC/Interactivecorp, CV08-02074 R (C.D. California); Los Angeles Copyright Attorneys File Jewelry Copyright Infringement Lawsuit Over Copying Protected Jewelry Design, available at: http://www.iptrademarkattorney.com/2008/04/copyright-attorneys-jewelry-los-angeles-protected-jewelry-design-lawsuit-copying-copyrights-la.html (last visited April 19th, 2008). 11. Saper Law. “Designer” Jewelry vs. “Inspired-by” Jewelry: Intellectual Property Infringement and Unfair Competition Considerations. 2008.

Intellectual Property Law and Extra-Contractual Liability

This chapter discusses intellectual property (IP) and extra-contractual liability by highlighting general comparative analysis issues within civil and common law systems, with some consideration given also to major theoretical clusters that might influence the different legal regimes. The chapter focuses on emerging issues of extra-contractual liability for intellectual property infringement in the platform economy, with special emphasis on copyright and trademark infringement, seeking to co-ordinate miscellaneous approaches from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and selected European countries’ experiences. In doing so, this chapter highlights research and methodological issues related to limited harmonization at a regional level in secondary and extra-contractual liability doctrines when applied to IP. Finally, this chapter describes the World Intermediary Liability Maps (WILMap) as an attempt to provide consistency within a fragmented research framework while also presenting other miscellaneous endeavours seeking the same goal.

PROBLEMS OF RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES

Intellectual property is significant intangible asset, having which gives his owner undeniable advantage on the market. The increase in the number of cross-border transactions with intellectual property objects has led to an increase in the number of disputed in the field of intellectual property complicated by a foreign element. The purpose of this research is to assess the prospects of the recognition and enforcement of a foreign court decision made in a dispute over intellectual property rights. The author pays attention to traditional problems related to the recognition and execution of foreign court decisions, emphasising that these same problems are common for decisions made with respect to intellectual property rights disputes, if those disputes took place in real space. However, the situation is getting worse is the violation of rights occurred in the Internet space. Emphasising that the fundamental prerequisite for the recognition and enforcement of a foreign court decision is the determination of the jurisdiction of the court, the author analyses the approaches developed by WIPO and individual states to determining the appropriate court competent to consider disputes over intellectual property infringement in the Internet space. The article pays special attention to the limits of action of judicial acts handed down in such disputes. As an illustration of the relevance and complexity of problems related to the recognition and execution of foreign court decisions on intellectual property infringement in the Internet space, the article analyses the case Google v. Equustek.

Exploration of Intellectual Property Protection Strategies for Cross-border E-commerce

Abstract— The continued advancement of the “One Belt, One Road” strategy, coupling with the rapid development of the Internet, has provided a convenient online platform for cross-border e-commerce enterprises. China’s cross-border e-commerce enterprises have made unprecedented progress. However, at the same time, the problem of intellectual property infringement in cross-border e-commerce has become increasingly prominent, seriously restricting the development of China’s cross-border e-commerce enterprises. On the basis of analyzing the intellectual property strategy of enterprises. This paper describes the necessity of creating an intellectual property strategy for cross-border e-commerce enterprises, and proposes strategies for building relevant intellectual property strategies aimed at the weak awareness of intellectual property and the copycatting of enterprise products, which are common in the operation of cross-border e-commerce enterprises in China.