Platform Work in Europe: The need for a multilevel solution to protect the so-called self-employed

To protect the so-called self-employed, a multilevel solution is needed. Requalification is a first step and to do this, a broad definition of the employment agreement and the presumption of an employment agreement in some situations, is useful. But even then, a clear distinction between bogus self-employed and real entrepreneurs is sometimes difficult to make and requalification for the self-employed who work for individuals is problematic. Working on the base of a service contract gives some protection and besides that, protection for all working people is needed, such as, for example, a financial contribution in case of disability.

Working Equids: Their Conditions, Invisible Earning and Challenges- A Review

Working equids play vital role in pastoral economy nationally as well as globally and their role is very significant in providing livelihood to households of their owners through direct and indirect financial contribution. This review aims to analyze their conditions, constrains and their invisible income. Working equids contribute for both direct and indirect income to large number of households and provide draught energy to a large human population nationally and internationally. They are important components of livestock and as per the livestock census done by Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Fishery, Government of India, equine contribution in livestock population was 0.39% in 1997 , 0.32% in 2003, 0.22% in 2007, 0.22% in 2012 and it came down to 0.10% in 2019. Though being comparatively less number in total livestock population, their roles are important in particular section of landless and marginalized human population engaged in rearing of these animals. Working equids are facing negligence, poor health and malnutrition. Excessive use of automobile, their declining contribution in agricultural GDP and some social issues are major constrains for declining trends in their population.

Fairness in household financial contribution to the Iran’s healthcare system from 2008 to 2018

Objective Enhancing financial protection in health is one of the main goals of Iran’s health transformation program (HTP), a recent reform conducted in early 2014. This study aimed to measure financial protection using the fair financial contribution index (FFCI) in urban and rural areas before (2008–2013) and after (2014–2018) the HTP implementation. Using a retrospective study on annual national cross-sectional surveys of households' income and expenditure, FFCI was measured. The total sample sizes for urban and rural areas from 2008 to 2018 were 207,980 and 212,249 households, respectively. Results The worst fair contributions to health expenditure in urban (FFCI = 0.684) and rural areas (FFCI = 0.530) were related to 2010 and 2009, respectively. Otherwise, the best fair contributions for urban (FFCI = 0.858) and rural (FFCI = 0.836) areas were made in 2011. Before the HTP implementation began, FFCI showed minor changes from 0.834 in 2008 to 0.833 in 2013. Following the HTP implementation, the FFCI values in urban and rural populations declined (worsened) from 0.842 to 0.836 and 0.816 to 0.809, respectively.On average more fair financial contributions had been made following five years after the HTP, especially in rural areas, but less than that expected in upstream documents (as determined 0.9).

The Scroll of 19 Kislev and the Construction of an Imagined Habad Lubavitch Community in Interwar Poland

This chapter recounts the Habad Hasidim that gathered in synagogues around the world on 3 December 1936 to celebrate the 19 Kislev, which marks the anniversary of the release of Shneur Zalman of Liady from incarceration in the Petropavlovsk fortress in 1798. It mentions the rebbe Joseph Isaac Schneersohn, who sent out a short pamphlet in Yiddish known as the ’Scroll of 19 Kislev’ during the celebration. The pamphlet was accompanied by a small financial contribution, symbolically marking the rebbe’s participation in his Hasidim’s farbrengens or gatherings. The chapter explains that the Scroll of 19 Kislev was part of a broader top-down strategy aimed at constructing an imagined Habad community, with its new centre in Otwock. It also discusses how the imagined community would be immune to the detrimental effects of the rebbe’s physical frailty, his constant wanderings, and the sociopolitical upheavals of the 1930s.

Fairness in Household Financial Contribution to the Healthcare System; the Evidence of Iran from 2008 to 2018

Objective: The achievement of equity in health leads to health gains and financial risk protection and this issue was one of the important goals of Iran’s health transformation programm (HTP). The present study aimed to how the HTP achieved its objectives in terms of fair financial protection by assessing the Fair Financial Contribution Index (FFCI) in various households of urban and rural areas before (2008-2013) and after (2014-2018) the implementation of the HTP. Results: According to the sample analyzed, 207,980 and 212,249 of households lived in urban and rural areas, respectively. The worst fair contributions to health expenditure in urban (FFCI= 0.684) and rural areas (FFCI= 0.530) were occurred in 2010 and 2009, respectively. Otherwise, the best fair contributions for urban areas (FFCI=0.858) and rural areas (FFCI= 0.836) were made in 2011. Before the HTP implementation was began (between 2008 and 2013), FFCI witnessed minor changes from 0.834 in 2008 to 0.833 in 2013. Following the HTP implementation, the FFCI values in urban and rural population declined (worsened) from 0.842 to 0.836 and 0.816 to 0.809, respectively. Overall, FFCI has been improved during years after the implementation of HTP. Such that, the improvement was shown more in rural areas.

Seeking traces of women in early Irish filmmaking

Recent research by Díóg O’Connell and Donna Casella has brought to light the work of Ellen O’Mara Sullivan with the Film Company of Ireland (1916–20). These scholars trace the personal archive of Ellen O’Mara Sullivan’s descendants and use this data to create a trajectory of her role within this first significant Irish film company. While the official record of the Film Company of Ireland is considered limited, there are traces of the company in trade papers, archives and newspapers. In comparison, information about the role of women in this company is difficult to discover as women often slip from the official archive in this period. In the case of Ellen O’Mara Sullivan, she is frequently hidden behind her husband’s record as owner and director of the Film Company of Ireland, or behind her more famous father and brothers, well-connected Republicans, Mayors of Limerick, and successful businessmen. This paper will examine the role of Ellen O’Mara Sullivan and her sister Mary Rynne in the development of the Film Company of Ireland by examining the archival records available and exploring how to find information about these women when they elude the official record. Working in particular on documents found in the Rynne family archive, Special Collections, NUIG, this paper will attempt to trace the financial contribution of Mary Rynne to this film company and to bring to light the role these two sisters played in the development of the early Irish film industry.

TOURISM AS A SOURCE OF TAXATION – THE PORTUGUESE CASE

This research analyzes the financial contribution generated by the activity of tourism to the general budget of the state of Portugal through the taxes collected on the profits of companies linked to tourism and on VAT that tourists pay in Portugal. We concluded, in the end, that the financial values generated for the state budget are of great importance and have been growing.