skin electrode
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chu ◽  
Chenxi Yang ◽  
Yantao Xing ◽  
Jianqing Li ◽  
Chengyu Liu

Abstract PurposeLong-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is an essential approach for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Flexible dry electrodes that contains electrolyte without water could be a potential substitution of wet electrodes for long-term ECG monitoring. Therefore, this paper developes a long-term, portable ECG patch based on flexible dry electrodes, namely SEUECG-100.MethodA device consists of analog-front-end acquisition, data acquisition, and storage modules is developed and tested. An impedance test was conducted to compare the skin-electrode impedance of the flexible dry electrode and the Ag/AgCl wet electrode. The ECG signals were simutanously collected from the same subject using the SEUECG-100 and Shimmer device , which were then compared and analyzed from the perspective of ECG morphology, RR interval, and signal quality indices (SQI).ResultsThe experimental results reveal that the flexible dry electrode has the characteristics of low skin-electrode impedance. SEUECG-100 could collect high-quality ECG signals. The ECG signals collected by the two devices have a high RR interval correlation (r=0.999). SQI results show that SEUECG-100 is better than the Shimmer device in overcoming baseline drift. Long-term ECG acquisition and storage experiments show that SEUECG-100 could collect ECG signals with good stability and high reliability.ConclusionThe implementation of the proposed system design with dry electrodes could can effectively record long-term ECG monitoring with high quality in comparison to systems with wet electrodes from both impedance characteristics and signal morphology aspects.


Author(s):  
Daniel Gonçalves Pita Santos de Almeida ◽  
João Costa ◽  
André Lourenço

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jinzhong Song ◽  
Tianshu Zhou ◽  
Zhonggang Liang ◽  
Ruoxi Liu ◽  
Jianping Guo ◽  
...  

Based on one simulated skin-electrode electrochemical interface, some electrochemical characteristics based on skin-electrode contact pressure (SECP) for dry biomedical electrodes were analysed and applied in this research. First, 14 electrochemical characteristics including 2 static impedance (SI) characteristics, 11 alternating current impedance (ACI) characteristics and one polarization voltage (PV), and 4 SECP characteristics were extracted in one electrochemical evaluation platform, and their correlation trends were statistically analysed. Second, dry biomedical electrode samples developed by the company and the laboratory, including textile electrodes, Apple watch, AMAZFIT rice health bracelet 1S, and stainless steel electrodes, were placed horizontally and vertically on the “skin” surface of the electrochemical evaluation platform, whose polarization voltages were quantitatively analysed. Third, electrocardiogram (ECG) collection circuits based on an impedance transformation (IT) circuit for textile electrodes were designed, and a wearable ECG acquisition device was designed, which could obtain complete ECG signals. Experimental results showed SECP characteristics for dry electrodes had good correlations with static impedance and ACI characteristics and the better correlation values among 2-10 Hz. In addition, polarization voltages in vertical state were smaller in horizontal state for dry biomedical electrodes, and polarization voltage of electrode pair (PVEP) values for Apple watch bottom was always smaller than ones for Apple watch crown and LMF-2 textile electrode. And the skin-electrode contact impedance of IT textile electrodes was less than the traditional textile electrodes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pang Zhu ◽  
Huifeng Du ◽  
Xingyu Hou ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
Liu Wang ◽  
...  

AbstractElectrodermal devices that capture the physiological response of skin are crucial for monitoring vital signals, but they often require convoluted layered designs with either electronic or ionic active materials relying on complicated synthesis procedures, encapsulation, and packaging techniques. Here, we report that the ionic transport in living systems can provide a simple mode of iontronic sensing and bypass the need of artificial ionic materials. A simple skin-electrode mechanosensing structure (SEMS) is constructed, exhibiting high pressure-resolution and spatial-resolution, being capable of feeling touch and detecting weak physiological signals such as fingertip pulse under different skin humidity. Our mechanical analysis reveals the critical role of instability in high-aspect-ratio microstructures on sensing. We further demonstrate pressure mapping with millimeter-spatial-resolution using a fully textile SEMS-based glove. The simplicity and reliability of SEMS hold great promise of diverse healthcare applications, such as pulse detection and recovering the sensory capability in patients with tactile dysfunction.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5210
Author(s):  
Brendan B. Murphy ◽  
Brittany H. Scheid ◽  
Quincy Hendricks ◽  
Nicholas V. Apollo ◽  
Brian Litt ◽  
...  

A low and stable impedance at the skin–electrode interface is key to high-fidelity acquisition of biosignals, both acutely and in the long term. However, recording quality is highly variable due to the complex nature of human skin. Here, we present an experimental and modeling framework to investigate the interfacial impedance behavior, and describe how skin interventions affect its stability over time. To illustrate this approach, we report experimental measurements on the skin–electrode impedance using pre-gelled, clinical-grade electrodes in healthy human subjects recorded over 24 h following four skin treatments: (i) mechanical abrasion, (ii) chemical exfoliation, (iii) microporation, and (iv) no treatment. In the immediate post-treatment period, mechanical abrasion yields the lowest initial impedance, whereas the other treatments provide modest improvement compared to untreated skin. After 24 h, however, the impedance becomes more uniform across all groups (<20 kΩ at 10 Hz). The impedance data are fitted with an equivalent circuit model of the complete skin–electrode interface, clearly identifying skin-level versus electrode-level contributions to the overall impedance. Using this model, we systematically investigate how time and treatment affect the impedance response, and show that removal of the superficial epidermal layers is essential to achieving a low, long-term stable interface impedance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Alizadeh-Meghrazi ◽  
Binbin Ying ◽  
Alessandra Schlums ◽  
Emily Lam ◽  
Ladan Eskandarian ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Continuous long-term electrocardiography monitoring has been increasingly recognized for early diagnosis and management of different types of cardiovascular diseases. To find an alternative to Ag/AgCl gel electrodes that are improper for this application scenario, many efforts have been undertaken to develop novel flexible dry textile electrodes integrated into the everyday garments. With significant progresses made to address the potential issues (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio, high skin–electrode impedance, motion artifact, and low durability), the lack of standard evaluation procedure hinders the further development of dry electrodes (mainly the design and optimization). Results A standard testing procedure and framework for skin–electrode impedance measurement is demonstrated for the development of novel dry textile electrodes. Different representative electrode materials have been screen-printed on textile substrates. To verify the performance of dry textile electrodes, impedance measurements are conducted on an agar skin model using a universal setup with consistent frequency and pressure. In addition, they are demonstrated for ECG signals acquisition, in comparison to those obtained using conventional gel electrodes. Conclusions Dry textile electrodes demonstrated similar impedance when in raised or flat structures. The tested pressure variations had an insignificant impact on electrode impedance. Looking at the effect of impedance on ECG signals, a noticeable effect on ECG signal performance metrics was not observed. Therefore, it is suggested that impedance alone is possibly not the primary indicator of signal quality. As well, the developed methods can also serve as useful guidelines for future textile dry-electrode design and testing for practical ECG monitoring applications.


Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Yiping Huang ◽  
Yatong Song ◽  
Li Gou ◽  
Yuanwen Zou

The electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, as a sensor, is an important part of the wearable ECG monitoring device. Natural leather is rarely used as the electrode substrate. In this paper, wearable flexible silver electrodes based on cowhide were prepared by sputtering and brush-painting. A signal generator, oscilloscope, impedance test instrument, and ECG monitor were used to build the test platform evaluating the performance of electrodes with six subjects. The lossless waveform transmission can be achieved with our electrodes. Therefore, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculated with input waveform and output waveform of the electrodes based on the top grain layer (GLE) and the split layer (SLE) of cowhide were 0.997 and 0.998 at 0.1 Hz respectively. The skin electrode impedance (Z) was tested, and the parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the skin electrode interface were calculated by a fitting method, indicating that the Z of the prepared electrodes was comparable with the standard gel electrode when the skin is moist enough. The signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG of the GLE and the SLE were 1.148 and 1.205 times that of the standard electrode in the standing posture, which meant the ECG measured by our electrodes was basically consistent with that measured by the standard electrode.


Author(s):  
Inyeol Yun ◽  
Jinpyeo Jeung ◽  
Hyungsub Lim ◽  
Jieun Kang ◽  
Sangyeop Lee ◽  
...  

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