Antimicrobial Formulation of Chrysopogon zizanioides Essential Oil in an Emulsified Lotion for Acne

Acne is a skin condition arising from excess sebum production and microbial overgrowth within the pilosebaceous unit. Several commercial essential oils have shown promising activity against acne-related pathogens. Due to their volatility and thermal instability, the formulation of essential oils into commercial products remains a pharmaceutical challenge. Thus, this study aimed to develop a viable anti-acne topical treatment as an oil-in-water emulsified lotion to overcome these challenges. Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity with a mean minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.14 mg/mL against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Emulsified lotions containing C. zizanioides were developed through the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance approach. At tested hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values of 8, 9, and 10, C. zizanioides emulsified lotions displayed maximum stability at hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 9 with a minimum change in mean droplet size and polydispersity index of 20.61 and 33.33%, respectively, over 84 days. The C. zizanioides emulsified lotion at optimum hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 9 completely inhibited the growth of C. acnes and killed S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. pyogenes within 24 h. Additionally, the lotion retained antimicrobial activity against these test micro-organisms over the 84-day stability test period. Thus, the C. zizanioides emulsified lotion demonstrated physical stability and antimicrobial efficiency, making it an ideal natural product anti-acne treatment.

High frequency plant regeneration of Chrysopogon zizanioides via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis-an underutilized pharmaceutically valuable biofuel plant

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is an essential oil-producing plant that has tremendous application in cosmetics, perfumery, and herbal medicine. Natural sterility and indiscriminate harvests lead to the risk of extinction of plant species in natural habitats. Therefore, a protocol for regeneration systems via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using node, leaf, and root explants has been standardized. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (72.2%) through organogenesis was attained from node explants on MS (Murashige & Skoog) medium comprising 2.0 mg L-1 BAP (“6-benzylaminopurine”). Concurrently, leaf explants cultivated on MS medium augmented by 1.0 mg L-1, 2, 4-D (“2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”) formed the optimal frequency (75.35%) of white friable compact (WFC) callus. However, the root explant was less responsive for WFC callus induction. Organogenic WFC callus cultivated on MS medium fortified by kinetin (1.0 mg L-1) as well as BAP (1.0 mg L-1) revealed the highest shoot regeneration efficiency (75.49%) with 48 shoots per callus. Adventitious shoots obtained from node and WFC callus of both leaf and root explants cultivated on MS medium increased by NAA (2.0 mg L-1 showed the optimal rooting of 76.97%. Concomitantly, an elevated frequency of somatic embryogenesis (52.50%) was recorded from leaf explants on MS medium using BAP (0.5 mg L-1) & 2, 4-D (1.0 mg L-1). Leaf explants were superior to node and root explants for somatic embryo initiation. The cotyledonary embryos were efficiently germinated into complete plantlets on a hormone-free MS medium. The plantlets gathered from organogenesis & somatic embryo genesis was effectively acclimatized into phenomenally similar plants. This technique may be applicable for wide-range propagation, genetic engineering, and the formation of bioactive compounds.

’n Ondersoek na die opname van sink deur Chrysopogon zizanioides uit gekontamineerde oppervlakwater

Die verwydering van metale uit die omgewing kan deur verskeie prosesse, waarvan fitoremediëring die mees natuurlike is, gedoen word. Chrysopogon zizanioides is in hierdie studie gebruik om die opname en akkumulasie van sink (Zn) deur hierdie plant vanuit ’n akwatiese omgewing te bestudeer. Voorbereide eksemplare van C. zizanioides is oor ’n tydperk van 28 dae aan verskeie sinkkonsentrasies blootgestel. Water-, wortel- en blaarmeristeemmonsters is op 1 uur, 7, 14 en 28 dae na sinkblootstelling versamel en verwerk, waarna die sinkinhoud met behulp van atoomabsorpsiespektrofotometrie (AAS) bepaal is. Uit die resultate is dit duidelik dat die persentasie afname van Zn in die water oor die totale blootstellingsperiode die laagste was by die hoogste sinkkonsentrasie (15 en 30 mg/L). Terwyl dit by 0.1 mg/L en 1.5 mg/L met onderskeidelik 38% en 47% teen dag 28 afgeneem het. Verder het die biokonsentrasie faktor aangedui dat die persentasie Zn opgeneem deur die wortels per massa eenheid by al die bloostellingskonsentrasies en periodes hoër as in die blare was. Wat die translokasie faktor soos bereken vir die onderskeie wortel- en blaarmonsters betref, het dit nooit 1 oorskry nie. Dit dui daarop dat die blare nie ’n prominente rol in die akkumulasie van Zn gespeel het nie. Hierdie studie het aangetoon dat C. zizanioides by sinkkonsentrasies van 0.1 mg/L en 1.5 mg/L effektief mag wees as fitoremediëringsplante. Langertermyn studies sou moontlik kon aandui of Zn enigsins deur die blare getransporteer en gestoor word.

Developing horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland using pumice and Chrysopogon zizanioides for tannery wastewater treatment

Background High-strength wastewater defined by elevated levels of hazardous pollutants measured in BOD, heavy metals, nutrients and other toxic substances. This kind of wastewater discharged to water body without treatment from different industrial sectors that adversely affects aquatic environment and downstream water consumers. The general objective of this study is to investigate efficient substrate with selected plant type for constructed wetland to remove hazardous pollutants from tannery wastewater. This study was conducted at Modjo town, Modjo tannery PLC. Plug flow experimental study design was carried out. The substrate (Pumice) was collected around the study area and chemical characteristics were determined. Chrysopogon zizanioides was planted and grown for 5 months before running tannery wastewater for the treatment. The composite wastewater was introduced to the constructed wetland from Modjo leather industry, Ethiopia. The physicochemical analysis of the sample wastewater was done before and after treatment at four different hydraulic retention time. Results Characterization of the untreated tannery wastewater revealed that the mean concentration of BOD5, COD, TSS, PO4-P, TP, NO3-N, TN and total chromium were 1641 ± 373.6, 6953.33 ± 339.4, 1868 ± 863.1, 88.06 ± 40.8, 144.53 ± 20.8, 116.66 ± 26.6, 650.33 ± 93.6 and 18.33 ± 6.7 mg/l respectively beyond the permissible limits. The maximum removal efficiency of the constructed wetland in pumice bed revealed that BOD5 at HRT 7and 9 days (96.42%, 96.30%), COD at HRT 5 and 7 days (96.76%, 96.91%), NO3-N at HRT 5 and 7 days (99.99%, 99.68%), TN (98.67%, 99.00%), PO4-P HRT 7and 9 days (96.97%,100%), TP at HRT 5 and 7 days (94.79%, 96.17%) and total Chromium at HRT 5 and 7 days (98.36%, 98.91%) respectively. Whereas, the removal efficiency of constructed wetland bed with gravel substrate used as a control subject with similar condition to pumice showed lower performance. The result between pumice and gravel bed was tested for their significance difference using two sample t-test statistics. Based on the test statistics, the pumice substrate perform better than the gravel significantly at 95% confidence interval, p-value = 0.01. Conclusion Pumice substrate and Chrysopogon zizanioides have a potential ability to remove hazardous pollutants from tannery wastewater in horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands.