KELAYAKAN HIDUP PETANI DITINJAU DARI PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH YANG MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM SUBAK PADA SUBAK PURA SARI DI KOTA BAUBAU

The most important thing for farmers is the life feasibility guarantee of farming holding. Because this is the most fundamental measure of farming activity. Therefore, the efforts of farmers so that farming activities that have been able to fulfill their life's needs in a decent way continue to be important issues and become attentive to the future. At the Balinese Hindu community, the Subak system is maintained for long because it is able to lift the welfare level of farmers. This system regulates life among farmers, as irrigation is done fairly and evenly, discussing planting time, and the type of rice to be planted. If there is a breach, the ceremony is determined by the ceremonies of the citizen or ritual held in the temple. This research aims to measure the life feasibility of farmers based on the income level of rice farmers who implement the Subak system at Subak Pura Sari in Baubau Town. The results showed that the life feasibility of farmers was achieved because the average farmer's income was above the regional minimum wage (UMR) in southeast Sulawesi, which amounted to IDR 2,002,625 per month in 2017. With total admission IDR 21,930,000 minus total cost IDR Rp 9,162,648, then big farmer income is IDR 12,767,352 per planting season in the form of rice or IDR 3,191,838 per month. Keywords: life feasibility, the Subak system, farming income

A prevalence study into use and management of peripheral intravenous catheters

Introduction: There are over half of patients admitted to the hospital required peripheral intravascular catheter (PIVC) inserted. However, there are no data reported on the use of PIVC in Malaysia. Thus, this study aims to determine the prevalence of PIVCs use and PIVC complications in patients with PIVC. Methods: An observational study was conducted on patients who had PIVC in medical, surgical, obstetric and orthopedic wards in Hospital Tunku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia. Results: Over 2 months, the total admission for 4 wards was 1466 and out of this total admission, 490 patients were recruited. Reasons for PIVC insertion were for IV fluids (62.4%) and for medication administration (31.8%). Most of the PIVC inserted in the general ward (91.8%) followed by from an emergency department. The PIVC insertion was done by the doctor (84.5%). All patients used the same brand of catheter, which is Vasofix Branulle and used transparent polyurethane dressing. There were 28 (5.7%) patients have signs of thrombophlebitis. The Chi-square test showed that there was a significant association between day of PIVC insertion with thrombophlebitis (p = 0.006). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study processes resulted in a proportion of 33.4% of patients with PIVC with the total number of admission to the 4 wards and 5.7% patients have signs of thrombophlebitis.

Leadership Style in Character Education at The Darussalam Gontor Islamic Boarding

Pesantren (Islamic Boarding) is the oldest educational institution in Indonesia which has a role in character education. The main purpose of this study was to understand leadership style of teachers (clerics) in character education as well as the process to produce competent believers. Religio-paternalistic leadership is based on the value of total admission of religious and educational methods, with emphasis on the application of knowledge resulting believers� faith and fear of Allah guided by the Qur'an and Sunnah. To obtain data, the author employed interview, observation and documenter. The Darussalam Gontor Islamic Boarding School in East Java was the field-site of this research.

Early Tracheotomy in the Elderly Results in Less Pneumonia

Objective To determine if early tracheotomy in elderly patients (age > 65) results in less ventilator associated pneumonia, mortality and morbidity. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of 158 ICU patients aged >65 who underwent tracheotomy from March 2003 to June 2007. Patient demographic data, admission criteria, medical comorbidities, disposition, outcome, and ventilation data were collected and analyzed. Results 158 patients were included in the study. 43 patients were included in the early tracheotomy group (continuous intubation time <7 days), and 115 patients were included in the late tracheotomy group. There were no statistically significant differences in the demographics of the 2 groups including age, gender, race, reason for intubation (respiratory failure, airway obstruction, etc), or medical comorbidities including COPD. A highly statistically significant difference in the rate of ventilator associated pneumonia was noted in the early vs. late tracheotomy group (23.3% vs 52.6%, p<0.0009). There were more intubations per patient noted in the early tracheotomy group versus the late tracheotomy group (2.2 vs 1.5, p<0.0001). The total admission time was also shorter in the early tracheotomy group (27.0 days vs 39.0 days, p<.0171). There was no difference noted in mortality, although there was a general trend of lower mortality in the early tracheotomy group (20.1% vs 32.1%, p<0.1683). Conclusions Early tracheotomy in elderly patients is associated with less ventilator associated pneumonia, more frequent intubations, less total admission time, and a trend towards lower mortality.

Costs, Severity of Illness and Outcome in Intensive Care

Severity of illness (Therapeutic Index Severity Score, Classes 1-4) and direct clinical costs (labour costs, diagnostic costs, drugs, disposables, etc.) were determined for 100 consecutive patients admitted to Royal Newcastle Hospital Intensive Care Unit over six weeks. Outcome was assessed using mortality, quality of life, functional status, productivity and mental status one month after separation from the Unit. The mean total admission cost was $1,357 (Class 4 mean = $3,706) but for over 70% of patients costs were less than $1,000. The main component of cost was labour (about 60% for all classes). TISS proved a strong predictor (P<0.001) of total admission costs. Survival to one month was 89% and optimal association between cost and survival was found with those with low costs more likely to survive (P<0.001). On the other hand, no association was found between total admission cost and resulting quality of life. However, there was an association between pre-admission and follow-up quality of life (P<0.0005).