Abstract. Haze pollution is affected by local air pollutants,
regional transport of background particles and precursors, atmospheric
chemistry related to secondary aerosol formation, and meteorological
conditions conducive to physical, dynamical, and chemical processes. In
the large, populated and industrialized areas like the Asian continental
outflow region, the combination of regional transport and local stagnation
often exacerbates urban haze pollution. However, the detailed chemical
processes underlying the enhancement of urban haze induced by the combined
effect of local emissions and transported remote pollutants are still
unclear. Here, we demonstrate an important role of transported hygroscopic
particles in increasing local inorganic aerosols, by studying the chemical
composition of PM2.5 collected between October 2012 and June 2014 in
Seoul, a South Korean megacity in the Asian continental outflow region,
using the ISORROPIA II thermodynamic model. PM2.5 measured under the
condition of regional transport from the upwind source areas in China was
higher in mass concentration and richer in secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA)
species (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) and aerosol
liquid water (ALW) compared to that measured under non-transport
conditions. The secondary inorganic species and ALW were both increased,
particularly in cases with high PM2.5 levels, and this indicates
inorganic species as a major driver of hygroscopicity. We conclude that the
urban haze pollution in a continental outflow region like Seoul,
particularly during the cold season, can be exacerbated by ALW in the
transported particles, which enhances the nitrate partitioning into the
particle phase in NOx- and NH3-rich urban areas. This study
reveals the synergistic effect of remote and local sources on urban haze
pollution in the downwind region and provides insight into the nonlinearity
of domestic and foreign contributions to receptor PM2.5 concentrations
in numerical air quality models.