Time, Causality, and Entropy

How to build an optimal model where three terms “time, causality, and entropy” will be interrelated in a most correct way? This task has a semantic and physical aspect. We give in this article the solution that is based only on elementary perception. In physics, we experience time with our senses as the duration of material change running in space. This fact is the standpoint for our model where causality is only a principle, it is not a physical actuality and entropy runs only in space and not in time. Time is merely a duration of entropy increasing and is entering existence when measured by the observer.

Titanium Wear of Dental Implants from Placement, under Loading and Maintenance Protocols

The objective of this review was to analyze the process of wear of implants leading to the shedding of titanium particles into the peri-implant hard and soft tissues. Titanium is considered highly biocompatible with low corrosion and toxicity, but recent studies indicate that this understanding may be misleading as the properties of the material change drastically when titanium nanoparticles (NPs) are shed from implant surfaces. These NPs are immunogenic and are associated with a macrophage-mediated inflammatory response by the host. The literature discussed in this review indicates that titanium NPs may be shed from implant surfaces at the time of implant placement, under loading conditions, and during implant maintenance procedures. We also discuss the significance of the micro-gap at the implant-abutment interface and the effect of size of the titanium particles on their toxicology. These findings are significant as the titanium particles can have adverse effects on local soft and hard tissues surrounding implants, implant health and prognosis, and even the health of systemic tissues and organs.

NEW GENERATION CRAFT: IKEA HACK AND ITS TAXONOMY

In this research, IKEA-hacks are examined according to their main characteristics and classified according to these examinations. In the study, IKEA-hack and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and the IKEA Effect subjects are included to expose the IKEA-hack issue comprehensively. The IKEA-hacks examined in the classification were selected from the studies on the ikeahackers.net website. At first, a pilot study was carried out and a review table was created as a result of some improvements during the pilot study. The classification includes; the information about the intended use of products before and after the hack, to which hack category they belong to, how many IKEA products have been used in process, the instruments used in procedure, and which spaces the product has been prepared. The hack categories were divided into two main categories as visual and functional modifications. These modifications are discussed under 2 categories and 8 sub-categories. The first category is visual changes that includes only-colour modification (A), material change (B), colour and material change (C) as sub- categories. The second category is dedicated to functional changes and includes sub-categories such as; the products used without any modification but for a purpose other than specified by IKEA (D), improved functionality (E), those with added functionalities (F), modifications on the indented use specified by the company by making some modifications on the product (G), and creating a new product by combining independent parts (H). Among 6313 works presented on the ikeahackers.net website published between 2006 and 2018, 378 works involved in the sample were examined; the analyses were separately performed for every year and the changes were compared between the years. Examining the outcomes, only 21% of the practices were conducted for visual purposes only, %79 is about functionality. In visual based practices, category C comes front in which colour and material change performed at the same time. Whereas in the functional practices, people mostly performed Category G in which hackers redefine the context of usage of the IKEA products.

NEW GENERATION CRAFT: IKEA HACK AND ITS TAXONOMY

In this research, IKEA-hacks are examined according to their main characteristics and classified according to these examinations. In the study, IKEA-hack and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and the IKEA Effect subjects are included to expose the IKEA-hack issue comprehensively. The IKEA-hacks examined in the classification were selected from the studies on the ikeahackers.net website. At first, a pilot study was carried out and a review table was created as a result of some improvements during the pilot study. The classification includes; the information about the intended use of products before and after the hack, to which hack category they belong to, how many IKEA products have been used in process, the instruments used in procedure, and which spaces the product has been prepared. The hack categories were divided into two main categories as visual and functional modifications. These modifications are discussed under 2 categories and 8 sub-categories. The first category is visual changes that includes only-colour modification (A), material change (B), colour and material change (C) as sub- categories. The second category is dedicated to functional changes and includes sub-categories such as; the products used without any modification but for a purpose other than specified by IKEA (D), improved functionality (E), those with added functionalities (F), modifications on the indented use specified by the company by making some modifications on the product (G), and creating a new product by combining independent parts (H). Among 6313 works presented on the ikeahackers.net website published between 2006 and 2018, 378 works involved in the sample were examined; the analyses were separately performed for every year and the changes were compared between the years. Examining the outcomes, only 21% of the practices were conducted for visual purposes only, %79 is about functionality. In visual based practices, category C comes front in which colour and material change performed at the same time. Whereas in the functional practices, people mostly performed Category G in which hackers redefine the context of usage of the IKEA products.